2025 Vol. 49, No. 8
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2025, 49(8): 083001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/adcdf3
Abstract:
Using 20.3 fb–1 of\begin{document}$e^+e^-$\end{document} ![]()
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annihilation data collected at a center-of-mass energy of 3.773 GeV with the BESIII detector, we report on an improved search for the radiative leptonic decay \begin{document}$D^+\to\gamma e^+\nu_e$\end{document} ![]()
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. An upper limit on its partial branching fraction for photon energies \begin{document}$E_\gamma>10 $\end{document} ![]()
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MeV was determined to be \begin{document}$1.2\times10^{-5}$\end{document} ![]()
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at a 90% confidence level; this excludes most current theoretical predictions. A sophisticated deep learning approach, which includes thorough validation and is based on the Transformer architecture, was implemented to efficiently distinguish the signal from massive backgrounds.
Using 20.3 fb–1 of
2025, 49(8): 083101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add5c7
Abstract:
We study\begin{document}$ \cos2\phi $\end{document} ![]()
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azimuthal asymmetry in doubly longitudinally polarized proton-proton Drell-Yan collisions within the transverse momentum dependent factorization framework. The asymmetry arises from the convolution of the longitudinal transversity distribution \begin{document}$ h_{1L}^{\perp} $\end{document} ![]()
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for both protons. Using the Bacchetta-Delcarro-Pisano-Radici-Signori parameterization for the nonperturbative Sudakov form factor and the Wandzura-Wilczek approximation for collinear \begin{document}$ h_{1L}^{\perp} $\end{document} ![]()
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, we predict the double spin asymmetry \begin{document}$ A_{LL}^{\cos2\phi} $\end{document} ![]()
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at RHIC and NICA kinematics. Our results demonstrate sensitivity to sea quark distributions, with the asymmetry reaching up to 25% for maximal sea quark contributions. These predictions highlight the potential of polarized Drell-Yan measurements to probe sea quark dynamics and advance our understanding of nucleon structures.
We study
2025, 49(8): 083102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/adcd4b
Abstract:
In this study, we present several improvements of the non-relativistic Friedrichs-Lee model with multiple discrete and continuous states while retaining its solvability. Our findings establish a solid theoretical basis for the exploration of resonance phenomena in scenarios involving multiple interfering states across various channels. The scattering amplitudes associated with the continuum states naturally adhere to coupled-channel unitarity, rendering this framework particularly valuable for investigating hadronic resonant states appearing in multiple coupled channels. Moreover, this generalized framework exhibits a wide-range applicability, enabling investigations into resonance phenomena across diverse physical domains, including hadron physics, nuclear physics, optics, cold atom physics, etc.
In this study, we present several improvements of the non-relativistic Friedrichs-Lee model with multiple discrete and continuous states while retaining its solvability. Our findings establish a solid theoretical basis for the exploration of resonance phenomena in scenarios involving multiple interfering states across various channels. The scattering amplitudes associated with the continuum states naturally adhere to coupled-channel unitarity, rendering this framework particularly valuable for investigating hadronic resonant states appearing in multiple coupled channels. Moreover, this generalized framework exhibits a wide-range applicability, enabling investigations into resonance phenomena across diverse physical domains, including hadron physics, nuclear physics, optics, cold atom physics, etc.
2025, 49(8): 083103. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add5c6
Abstract:
We investigate the process of lepton-number-violating pion decay, which dominates the nuclear neutrinoless double beta decay induced by the short-range operator within the type-I seesaw mechanism. The type-I seesaw mechanism leads to the Dirac and Majorana mass terms of neutrinos by introducing the gauge-singlet right-handed neutrinos, which are often called sterile neutrinos. Applying the chiral perturbation theory, we calculate the transition amplitudes for light and heavy sterile neutrinos up to\begin{document}$ \mathcal{O}(Q^2/\Lambda^2_\chi) $\end{document} ![]()
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, where Q is the typical low-energy scale in this process and \begin{document}$ \Lambda_\chi $\end{document} ![]()
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the chiral symmetry breaking scale. We then adopt a naive interpolation formula of mass dependence to obtain the amplitude in the full mass range and briefly discuss its validity.
We investigate the process of lepton-number-violating pion decay, which dominates the nuclear neutrinoless double beta decay induced by the short-range operator within the type-I seesaw mechanism. The type-I seesaw mechanism leads to the Dirac and Majorana mass terms of neutrinos by introducing the gauge-singlet right-handed neutrinos, which are often called sterile neutrinos. Applying the chiral perturbation theory, we calculate the transition amplitudes for light and heavy sterile neutrinos up to
2025, 49(8): 083104. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/adc978
Abstract:
In this study, we investigated the neutrino transition magnetic moment in\begin{document}$ U(1)_X $\end{document} ![]()
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SSM. \begin{document}$ U(1)_X $\end{document} ![]()
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SSM is the \begin{document}$ U(1) $\end{document} ![]()
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extension of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), and its local gauge group is extended to \begin{document}$S U(3)_C\times S U(2)_L \times U(1)_Y\times U(1)_X$\end{document} ![]()
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. To obtain this model, three singlet new Higgs superfields and right-handed neutrinos are added to the MSSM, which can explain the results of neutrino oscillation experiments. The neutrino transition magnetic moment is induced by electroweak radiative corrections. By applying the effective Lagrangian method and on-shell scheme, we studied the associated Feynman diagrams and transition magnetic moment of neutrinos in the model. We fit experimental data for neutrino mass variances and mixing angles. Based on the range of data selection, the influences of different sensitive parameters on the results were analyzed. The numerical analysis shows that many parameters, such as \begin{document}$ g_X $\end{document} ![]()
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, \begin{document}$ M_2 $\end{document} ![]()
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, \begin{document}$ \mu $\end{document} ![]()
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, \begin{document}$ \lambda_H $\end{document} ![]()
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, and \begin{document}$ g_{YX} $\end{document} ![]()
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, have an effect on the neutrino transition magnetic moment. In our numerical results, the order of magnitude of \begin{document}$ \mu_{ij}^M/\mu_B $\end{document} ![]()
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is approximately\begin{document}$ 10^{-20} $\end{document} ![]()
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\begin{document}$ \sim $\end{document} ![]()
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\begin{document}$ 10^{-19} $\end{document} ![]()
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.
In this study, we investigated the neutrino transition magnetic moment in
2025, 49(8): 083105. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add674
Abstract:
Holographic models that consider classical vector fields in a 5-d background provide effective descriptions for heavy vector meson spectra. This is true both in vacuum and a thermal medium, such as quark gluon plasma. However, the manner in which these phenomenological models work is unclear. In particular, what is the role of the fifth dimension, and what is the relation between the holographic 5-d background and physical (4-d) heavy mesons? Hadrons, in contrast to leptons, are composite particles with some internal structure that depends on the energy at which they are observed. In this study, a static meson is represented by a heavy quark-antiquark pair with an interaction described by a Nambu Goto string existing in the same 5-d background that provides field solutions leading to masses and decay constants of charmonium states. The resulting interaction potential is linear for large distances, with a string tension consistent with the effective Cornell potential. Introducing temperature T in the background, it is found for the\begin{document}$J/\psi$\end{document} ![]()
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case that there is a deconfining transition at some critical value of T. The obtained results indicate that the 5-d background effectively represents the internal structure of the (static) charmonium (quasi) states.
Holographic models that consider classical vector fields in a 5-d background provide effective descriptions for heavy vector meson spectra. This is true both in vacuum and a thermal medium, such as quark gluon plasma. However, the manner in which these phenomenological models work is unclear. In particular, what is the role of the fifth dimension, and what is the relation between the holographic 5-d background and physical (4-d) heavy mesons? Hadrons, in contrast to leptons, are composite particles with some internal structure that depends on the energy at which they are observed. In this study, a static meson is represented by a heavy quark-antiquark pair with an interaction described by a Nambu Goto string existing in the same 5-d background that provides field solutions leading to masses and decay constants of charmonium states. The resulting interaction potential is linear for large distances, with a string tension consistent with the effective Cornell potential. Introducing temperature T in the background, it is found for the
2025, 49(8): 083106. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add115
Abstract:
We propose a search strategy at the HL-LHC for a new neutral particle X that couples to W-bosons, using the process\begin{document}$ p p \to W^{\pm} X (\to W^{+} W^{-}) $\end{document} ![]()
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with a tri-W-boson final state. Focusing on events with two same-sign leptonic W-boson decays into muons and a hadronically decaying W-boson, our method leverages the enhanced signal-to-background discrimination achieved through a machine-learning-based multivariate analysis. Using the heavy photophobic axion-like particle (ALP) as a benchmark, we evaluate the discovery sensitivities on both production cross section times branching ratio \begin{document}$ \sigma(p p \to W^{\pm} X) \times \text{Br}(X \to W^{+} W^{-}) $\end{document} ![]()
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and the coupling \begin{document}$ g_{aWW} $\end{document} ![]()
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for particle mass over a wide range of 170–3000 GeV at the HL-LHC with center-of-mass energy \begin{document}$ \sqrt{s} = 14 \, \text{ TeV} $\end{document} ![]()
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and integrated luminosity \begin{document}$ {\cal{L}} = 3 \, \text{ab}^{-1} $\end{document} ![]()
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. Our results show significant improvements in discovery sensitivity, particularly for masses above 300 GeV, compared to existing limits derived from CMS analyses of Standard Model (SM) tri-W-boson production at \begin{document}$ \sqrt{s} = 13 \, \text{ TeV} $\end{document} ![]()
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. This study demonstrates the potential of advanced selection techniques in probing the coupling of new particles to W-bosons and highlights the HL-LHC's capability to explore physics beyond the SM.
We propose a search strategy at the HL-LHC for a new neutral particle X that couples to W-bosons, using the process
2025, 49(8): 083107. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add873
Abstract:
We study flavor-changing bottom quark radiative decay\begin{document}$ b {\rightarrow} s \gamma $\end{document} ![]()
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induced at the one-loop level within the minimal gauged two-Higgs-doublet model (G2HDM). Among the three new contributions to this rare process in G2HDM, we find that only the charged Higgs \begin{document}$ {\cal{H}}^\pm $\end{document} ![]()
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contribution can be constrained by the current global fit data in B-physics. The other two contributions from complex vectorial dark matter \begin{document}$ {\cal{W}} $\end{document} ![]()
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and dark Higgs \begin{document}$ {\cal{D}} $\end{document} ![]()
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are not sensitive to the current data. Incorporating theoretical constraints imposed on the scalar potential and electroweak precision data for the oblique parameters, we exclude mass regions \begin{document}$ m_{\cal{H}}^\pm \lesssim 250 $\end{document} ![]()
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GeV and \begin{document}$ m_{\cal{D}} \lesssim 100 $\end{document} ![]()
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GeV at the 95% confidence level.
We study flavor-changing bottom quark radiative decay
2025, 49(8): 083108. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add259
Abstract:
We investigate the properties of the radially excited charged pion, with a specific focus on its electromagnetic form factor (EFF) and its box contribution to the hadronic light-by-light (HLbL) component of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment,\begin{document}$ a_{\mu} $\end{document} ![]()
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. Utilizing a coupled non-perturbative framework combining Schwinger-Dyson and Bethe-Salpeter equations, we first compute the mass and weak decay constant of the pion's first radial excitation. Initial results are provided for the Rainbow-Ladder (RL) approximation, followed by an extended beyond RL (BRL) analysis that incorporates meson cloud effects. Building on our previous work, this analysis demonstrates that an accurate description of the first radial excitation can be achieved without the need for a reparametrization of the interaction kernels. Having demonstrated the effectiveness of the truncation scheme, we proceed to calculate the corresponding EFF, from which we derive the contribution of the pion's first radial excitation to the HLbL component of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment, producing \begin{document}$ a_{\mu}^{\pi_1-\text{box}}(\text{RL}) = -(2.03 \pm 0.12) \times 10 ^{-13} $\end{document} ![]()
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, \begin{document}$ a_{\mu}^{\pi_1-\text{box}}(\text{BRL}) = $\end{document} ![]()
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\begin{document}$ -(2.02 \pm 0.10) \times 10 ^{-13} $\end{document} ![]()
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. Our computation also sets the groundwork for calculating related pole contributions of excited pseudoscalar mesons to \begin{document}$ a_{\mu} $\end{document} ![]()
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.
We investigate the properties of the radially excited charged pion, with a specific focus on its electromagnetic form factor (EFF) and its box contribution to the hadronic light-by-light (HLbL) component of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment,
2025, 49(8): 083109. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add09f
Abstract:
The\begin{document}$ \gamma p \to \pi^0 \eta p $\end{document} ![]()
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reaction has been investigated by the CBELSA/TAPS collaboration, revealing a narrow structure in the \begin{document}$ \eta p $\end{document} ![]()
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invariant mass distributions at a mass of 1700 MeV. In this study, we explore the possibility of the narrow structure being caused by a decay cascade via an intermediate nucleon resonance decaying to \begin{document}$ \eta p $\end{document} ![]()
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final states. The candidates for the intermediate nucleon resonances are \begin{document}$ N(1700)3/2^{-} $\end{document} ![]()
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and \begin{document}$ N(1710)1/2^{+} $\end{document} ![]()
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, with masses near the observed structure. We considered the t-channel ρ- and ω-exchange diagrams, u-channel nucleon-pole exchange diagram, contact term, and s-channel pole diagrams of the nucleon, Δ, along with the nucleon resonances when constructing the reaction amplitudes, to reproduce the stripped individual contribution of the narrow structure. Our analysis indicates that the signature strength of the decay cascade \begin{document}$ \gamma p \to \pi^{0}N(1700)3/2^{-} \to \pi^{0}\eta p $\end{document} ![]()
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is too weak to reach the experimental curve of the narrow structure due to the small decay branching ratio of \begin{document}$ N(1700)3/2^{-} $\end{document} ![]()
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to \begin{document}$ \eta p $\end{document} ![]()
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. Although the decay cascade \begin{document}$ \gamma p \to \pi^{0}N(1710)1/2^{+} \to \pi^{0}\eta p $\end{document} ![]()
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can qualitatively reproduce the experimental curve of the invariant mass distributions, its cross-section width is much larger than that of the corresponding experimental curve. Therefore, we conclude that the decay cascade via an intermediate nucleon resonance cannot be the reason for the narrow structure in the \begin{document}$ \eta p $\end{document} ![]()
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invariant mass distributions of the \begin{document}$ \gamma p \to \pi^0 \eta p $\end{document} ![]()
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reaction.
The
2025, 49(8): 084001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add10c
Abstract:
Invariant-mass spectroscopy has been performed to search for possible resonance states in the loosely bound neutron-rich 15C nucleus. By detecting alpha and 11Be in coincidence, we reconstruct the excitation energy spectrum for 15C. To estimate the physical background from non-resonant prompt alpha particles, we employ a recently proposed weighted event-mixing method with phenomenological reduced weighting at around the alpha-decay threshold to account for the depletion in the prompt alpha's contribution owing likely to the Coulomb final-state interactions. A new weighted mixed-event method that focuses on a robust treatment of the Coulomb effect is also proposed. Through fitting the spectrum using the background estimated with these two methods, up to two resonance state candidates are proposed. Further experiments with improved statistics and theoretical calculations are called for to confirm these resonance states.
Invariant-mass spectroscopy has been performed to search for possible resonance states in the loosely bound neutron-rich 15C nucleus. By detecting alpha and 11Be in coincidence, we reconstruct the excitation energy spectrum for 15C. To estimate the physical background from non-resonant prompt alpha particles, we employ a recently proposed weighted event-mixing method with phenomenological reduced weighting at around the alpha-decay threshold to account for the depletion in the prompt alpha's contribution owing likely to the Coulomb final-state interactions. A new weighted mixed-event method that focuses on a robust treatment of the Coulomb effect is also proposed. Through fitting the spectrum using the background estimated with these two methods, up to two resonance state candidates are proposed. Further experiments with improved statistics and theoretical calculations are called for to confirm these resonance states.
2025, 49(8): 084002. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add70e
Abstract:
As the LHC beams cannot be polarized, introducing a dense polarized gas target at the LHCb experiment at CERN, to be operated concurrently with beam-beam collisions, will facilitate fixed-target interactions to explore a new energy regime of spin physics measurements. Unfortunately, typical surface coatings used to avoid polarization losses, such as water, Teflon, or aluminum, are prohibited due to restrictions imposed by vacuum and beam policies. The former atomic beam source for the polarized target at ANKE@COSY (Forschungszentrum Jülich), an accompanying Lamb-shift polarimeter, and a storage cell chamber inside a superconducting magnet provide a perfect test stand to investigate the properties of a storage cell coated with amorphous carbon. A significant recombination rate, ranging from 93% to 100%, and preservation of polarization during recombination surpassing 74% were observed. We successfully produced\begin{document}$ \mathrm{H}_2 $\end{document} ![]()
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molecules with a nuclear polarization of \begin{document}$ P\sim 0.59 $\end{document} ![]()
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. In addition, we could produce polarized \begin{document}$ \mathrm{H}_3^+ $\end{document} ![]()
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ions for the first time and observed the shift of the axis of rotation within \begin{document}$ \mathrm{HD} $\end{document} ![]()
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molecules.
As the LHC beams cannot be polarized, introducing a dense polarized gas target at the LHCb experiment at CERN, to be operated concurrently with beam-beam collisions, will facilitate fixed-target interactions to explore a new energy regime of spin physics measurements. Unfortunately, typical surface coatings used to avoid polarization losses, such as water, Teflon, or aluminum, are prohibited due to restrictions imposed by vacuum and beam policies. The former atomic beam source for the polarized target at ANKE@COSY (Forschungszentrum Jülich), an accompanying Lamb-shift polarimeter, and a storage cell chamber inside a superconducting magnet provide a perfect test stand to investigate the properties of a storage cell coated with amorphous carbon. A significant recombination rate, ranging from 93% to 100%, and preservation of polarization during recombination surpassing 74% were observed. We successfully produced
2025, 49(8): 084003. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add680
Abstract:
The origin of boron in the solar system has not yet been clearly understood. We studied the light mass nuclear reactions and neutrino-induced reactions that play important roles in the nucleosynthesis of A=11 nuclei in the core-collapse supernova (CCSN). We found that the production of A=11 nuclei, particularly 11C, is sensitive to the radioactive nuclear reaction 11C\begin{document}$ (\alpha,p)^{14} $\end{document} ![]()
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N among many others. We calculated the upper and lower limits of the 11C\begin{document}$ (\alpha,p)^{14} $\end{document} ![]()
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N rate by taking account of the low energy resonances above the threshold, which have not been included in the previous SN nucleosynthesis calculations. These resonance contributions significantly change the 11C abundance, which decays to 11B with a half-life of 20.34 m, and affects the resultant isotopic abundance ratio of 11B/10B at \begin{document}$ M_r=3.78-4.4M_{\odot} $\end{document} ![]()
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from which the presolar X grains could form. The 11B/10B isotopic ratio measured in X grains can help to understand the origin of solar system boron and constrain still unknown neutrino mass hierarchy if the observational and theoretical uncertainties associated with these abundances are reduced. We emphasize that the further precise experiment of measuring the 11C\begin{document}$ (\alpha,p)^{14} $\end{document} ![]()
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N reaction cross sections at the astrophysically interesting energies of Gamow window 0.23−1.24 MeV, which corresponds to the effective temperature \begin{document}$ T=0.2-1 $\end{document} ![]()
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GK, could clarify CCSN contribution to the solar 11B/10B ratio.
The origin of boron in the solar system has not yet been clearly understood. We studied the light mass nuclear reactions and neutrino-induced reactions that play important roles in the nucleosynthesis of A=11 nuclei in the core-collapse supernova (CCSN). We found that the production of A=11 nuclei, particularly 11C, is sensitive to the radioactive nuclear reaction 11C
2025, 49(8): 084004. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add70c
Abstract:
Delayed γ-ray spectroscopy of 185Au was studied at the Argonne Gas-Filled Analyzer. A new isomer at an excitation energy of 1504.2(4) keV with a half-life of 630(80) ns was identified via γ-γ coincidence analysis, decaying via a 294.8(3) keV transition. Based on Weisskopf estimates, the multipolarity of the 295 keV transition is assigned to be E1, M1, E2, or M2. Possible configurations for this new isomer are discussed based on configuration-constrained potential energy surface calculations.
Delayed γ-ray spectroscopy of 185Au was studied at the Argonne Gas-Filled Analyzer. A new isomer at an excitation energy of 1504.2(4) keV with a half-life of 630(80) ns was identified via γ-γ coincidence analysis, decaying via a 294.8(3) keV transition. Based on Weisskopf estimates, the multipolarity of the 295 keV transition is assigned to be E1, M1, E2, or M2. Possible configurations for this new isomer are discussed based on configuration-constrained potential energy surface calculations.
2025, 49(8): 084005. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/adcc90
Abstract:
In this study, neutron activation experiments were performed to measure the (n, 2n) reaction cross section for 80Kr at five neutron energies, 13.59±0.12, 13.86±0.15, 14.13±0.16, 14.70±0.13, and 14.94±0.02 MeV, using a highly enriched gaseous sample. The neutron energies and their uncertainties were determined using the Q-value equation for the 3H(d, n)4He reaction, accounting for the solid angle of the sample. The 93Nb(n, 2n)92mNb reaction was employed to monitor the neutron flux. Eight characteristic gamma rays of the produced nucleus were selected to determine the activity of the generated nuclei. The final cross sections were obtained using a weighted average method. The self-absorption and cascade of rays, as well as the geometry and solid angles of the sample, were corrected. The 80Kr(n, 2n)79Kr reaction cross sections obtained in this work exhibited the smallest uncertainty than the values in existing literature, which provided improved experimental constraints for the prediction of excitation curves, thereby enhancing the quality of the corresponding database. The measured results were compared with previously reported experimental values, empirical and systematic formula predictions, theoretical calculations from TALYS-1.96 with six adjustable energy level densities, and evaluated database results. Our experimental results demonstrated high precision and extended the energy range appropriately, offering valuable insights for future studies.
In this study, neutron activation experiments were performed to measure the (n, 2n) reaction cross section for 80Kr at five neutron energies, 13.59±0.12, 13.86±0.15, 14.13±0.16, 14.70±0.13, and 14.94±0.02 MeV, using a highly enriched gaseous sample. The neutron energies and their uncertainties were determined using the Q-value equation for the 3H(d, n)4He reaction, accounting for the solid angle of the sample. The 93Nb(n, 2n)92mNb reaction was employed to monitor the neutron flux. Eight characteristic gamma rays of the produced nucleus were selected to determine the activity of the generated nuclei. The final cross sections were obtained using a weighted average method. The self-absorption and cascade of rays, as well as the geometry and solid angles of the sample, were corrected. The 80Kr(n, 2n)79Kr reaction cross sections obtained in this work exhibited the smallest uncertainty than the values in existing literature, which provided improved experimental constraints for the prediction of excitation curves, thereby enhancing the quality of the corresponding database. The measured results were compared with previously reported experimental values, empirical and systematic formula predictions, theoretical calculations from TALYS-1.96 with six adjustable energy level densities, and evaluated database results. Our experimental results demonstrated high precision and extended the energy range appropriately, offering valuable insights for future studies.
2025, 49(8): 084006. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add8fb
Abstract:
The deformation driving tendency of various single particle orbitals near the Fermi surface has been investigated with the lifetime measurements of high spin states in the non-yrast bands of\begin{document}$^{177}{\rm Re}$\end{document} ![]()
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nucleus. For this study, the \begin{document}$^{165}{\rm{Ho}}$\end{document} ![]()
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(\begin{document}$^{16}{\rm{O}}$\end{document} ![]()
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, 4n)\begin{document}$^{177}{\rm{Re}}$\end{document} ![]()
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reaction at a beam energy of 84 MeV was used. Lifetimes of four lowest levels in the \begin{document}$\pi i_{13/2}[660]1/2^+$\end{document} ![]()
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band and four levels in the \begin{document}$\pi d_{5/2}[402]5/2^+$\end{document} ![]()
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(α = –1/2) band were measured. The extracted transition quadrupole moments for the \begin{document}$\pi i_{13/2}$\end{document} ![]()
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intruder band showed a sharp increase with increasing level spin, indicating a significant shape transition in the nucleus. The average transitional quadrupole moment (\begin{document}$Q_t$\end{document} ![]()
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), a measure of deformation, for the \begin{document}$\pi i_{13/2}$\end{document} ![]()
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band was significantly larger (\begin{document}$Q_t$\end{document} ![]()
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~ 8.7 (6) eb) compared with the \begin{document}$\pi d_{5/2}$\end{document} ![]()
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(\begin{document}$Q_t$\end{document} ![]()
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~ 6.3 (5) eb) band. To interpret the observed shape changes in the two bands, the experimental transition probabilities for these bands were compared with the results obtained from Projected Shell Model (PSM) calculations.
The deformation driving tendency of various single particle orbitals near the Fermi surface has been investigated with the lifetime measurements of high spin states in the non-yrast bands of
2025, 49(8): 084007. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/adcc00
Abstract:
Non-destructive Schottky detectors are indispensable devices widely used in experiments at heavy-ion storage rings. In particular, they can be used to accurately determine the masses and lifetimes of short-lived exotic nuclear species. Single-ion sensitivity – which is the highest level of sensitivity – has been regularly achieved in the past by utilizing resonant cavity detectors. Recent designs and analysis methods aim to push the limits of measurement accuracy by increasing the dimensionality of the acquired data, namely, the position of the particle as well as the phase difference between several detectors. This paper describes current methods and future perspectives for Schottky detection techniques, with a focus on their application to mass and lifetime measurements of the most rare and simultaneously short-lived radio nuclides.
Non-destructive Schottky detectors are indispensable devices widely used in experiments at heavy-ion storage rings. In particular, they can be used to accurately determine the masses and lifetimes of short-lived exotic nuclear species. Single-ion sensitivity – which is the highest level of sensitivity – has been regularly achieved in the past by utilizing resonant cavity detectors. Recent designs and analysis methods aim to push the limits of measurement accuracy by increasing the dimensionality of the acquired data, namely, the position of the particle as well as the phase difference between several detectors. This paper describes current methods and future perspectives for Schottky detection techniques, with a focus on their application to mass and lifetime measurements of the most rare and simultaneously short-lived radio nuclides.
2025, 49(8): 084101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/adc4cb
Abstract:
A method for the treatment of the neutron-proton (np) isovector pairing correlations at finite temperature is developed within the path integral formalism. It generalizes the recently proposed model using a similar approach for pairing between like-particles. The pairing terms in the total Hamiltonian are expressed in a square form to facilitate the use of the Hubbard-Stratonovitch transformation. The expression for the partition function of the system is then established. The gap equations, as well as the expressions for the energy, entropy, and heat capacity of the system are deduced. In a first step, the formalism is numerically applied to the schematic Richardson model. In a second step, the method is applied to nuclei with\begin{document}$ N=Z $\end{document} ![]()
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using the single-particle energies of a deformed Woods-Saxon mean-field. The variations in the gap parameters, excitation energy, and heat capacity are studied as functions of the temperature. We show that the overall behavior of these quantities is similar to their homologues in the standard FTBCS model. We note in particular the existence of critical temperatures beyond which the pairing vanishes. Moreover, in the framework of the present approach, the pairing effects appear to persist beyond the critical temperatures predicted by the FTBCS model for pairing between like-particles or its generalization for np pairing.
A method for the treatment of the neutron-proton (np) isovector pairing correlations at finite temperature is developed within the path integral formalism. It generalizes the recently proposed model using a similar approach for pairing between like-particles. The pairing terms in the total Hamiltonian are expressed in a square form to facilitate the use of the Hubbard-Stratonovitch transformation. The expression for the partition function of the system is then established. The gap equations, as well as the expressions for the energy, entropy, and heat capacity of the system are deduced. In a first step, the formalism is numerically applied to the schematic Richardson model. In a second step, the method is applied to nuclei with
2025, 49(8): 084102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add10b
Abstract:
In a previous study [A. H. Al-Ghamdi et al., JTUSCI 16 (2022) 1026], we comprehensively analyzed elastic scattering angular distributions (ADs) for the 7Li+28Si system. This analysis aimed to identify the types of threshold anomaly, specifically normal and breakup, by examining the energy dependence of volume integrals across various interaction potentials. In the present study, we extended this previous research by investigating the effects of 7Li breakup into a valence particle (triton) orbiting a core (alpha) in the context of a 28Si target, as well as the influence of the 28Si(7Li, α)31P triton transfer reaction on the elastic ADs of the 7Li+28Si system. The results demonstrate the significance of coupling to the 7Li breakup channel and its subsequent impact on the elastic scattering channel. This strong coupling generates a dynamic polarization potential (DPP), leading to a reduction in potential strengths. A semi-microscopic DPP approach was used to model this effect, employing the continuum discretized coupled channels (CDCC) method. An effective potential (Ueff), considered as the sum of cluster folding and dynamic polarization potentials, was generated using the trivially equivalent local potential (TELP) approach and successfully employed to reproduce the 7Li + 28Si AD data. Furthermore, the analysis was broadened to assess the effect of the triton stripping reaction, 28Si(7Li, α)31P, on the elastic 7Li + 28Si scattering.
In a previous study [A. H. Al-Ghamdi et al., JTUSCI 16 (2022) 1026], we comprehensively analyzed elastic scattering angular distributions (ADs) for the 7Li+28Si system. This analysis aimed to identify the types of threshold anomaly, specifically normal and breakup, by examining the energy dependence of volume integrals across various interaction potentials. In the present study, we extended this previous research by investigating the effects of 7Li breakup into a valence particle (triton) orbiting a core (alpha) in the context of a 28Si target, as well as the influence of the 28Si(7Li, α)31P triton transfer reaction on the elastic ADs of the 7Li+28Si system. The results demonstrate the significance of coupling to the 7Li breakup channel and its subsequent impact on the elastic scattering channel. This strong coupling generates a dynamic polarization potential (DPP), leading to a reduction in potential strengths. A semi-microscopic DPP approach was used to model this effect, employing the continuum discretized coupled channels (CDCC) method. An effective potential (Ueff), considered as the sum of cluster folding and dynamic polarization potentials, was generated using the trivially equivalent local potential (TELP) approach and successfully employed to reproduce the 7Li + 28Si AD data. Furthermore, the analysis was broadened to assess the effect of the triton stripping reaction, 28Si(7Li, α)31P, on the elastic 7Li + 28Si scattering.
2025, 49(8): 084103. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add872
Abstract:
The effects of nucleon-nucleon short-range correlations leading to the high-momentum tail (HMT) in the nucleon momentum distribution are studied using the isospin- and momentum-dependent Lanzhou quantum molecular dynamics (LQMD) transport model. Based on the transport model, we study the effects of the HMT of the nucleon momentum distribution on initialization in isotopic nuclear reactions at a beam energy of 120 MeV/u. The single and double ratios of gas-phase neutron and proton spectra are analyzed and compared with experimental data in central\begin{document}$ ^{112} {\rm{Sn}}$\end{document} ![]()
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+\begin{document}$ ^{112} {\rm{Sn}}$\end{document} ![]()
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and \begin{document}$ ^{124} {\rm{Sn}}$\end{document} ![]()
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+\begin{document}$ ^{124} {\rm{Sn}}$\end{document} ![]()
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collisions. The HMT affects the single ratios but not the double ratios, which can be employed to study other isospin effects more effectively. The ratio of triton to \begin{document}$ ^3 {\rm{He}}$\end{document} ![]()
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of light clusters contained in the gas-phase nucleons is also influenced by the HMT. Combining the QMD transport model that can describe multi-fragmentation and the production of fragments in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions, we study the short-range correlation effect on fragment generation. We find that the isospin-dependent HMT significantly affects the fragment multiplicity distribution and average neutron-to-proton ratio of produced isobars.
The effects of nucleon-nucleon short-range correlations leading to the high-momentum tail (HMT) in the nucleon momentum distribution are studied using the isospin- and momentum-dependent Lanzhou quantum molecular dynamics (LQMD) transport model. Based on the transport model, we study the effects of the HMT of the nucleon momentum distribution on initialization in isotopic nuclear reactions at a beam energy of 120 MeV/u. The single and double ratios of gas-phase neutron and proton spectra are analyzed and compared with experimental data in central
2025, 49(8): 084104. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add70f
Abstract:
In this study, we employ the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) to investigate the relationship between initial-state fluctuations and final-state anisotropies in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The granularity of the initial state, reflecting fluctuations in the initial conditions (ICs), is modeled using a peripheral tube model. In addition to differential flow, our analysis focuses on a class of more sensitive observables known as flow factorization. Specifically, we evaluate these observables using the MLE, an asymptotically normal and unbiased tool in standard statistical inference. Our findings show that the resulting differential flow remains essentially unchanged for different ICs defined by the peripheral tube model. The resulting harmonic coefficients obtained using the MLE and multi-particle cumulants are found to be consistent. However, the calculated flow factorizations show significant variations depending on both the IC and estimators, which is attributed to their sensitivity to initial-state fluctuations. Thus, we argue that the MLE offers a compelling alternative to standard methods, such as multi-particle correlators, particularly for sensitive observables constructed from higher moments of the azimuthal distribution.
In this study, we employ the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) to investigate the relationship between initial-state fluctuations and final-state anisotropies in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The granularity of the initial state, reflecting fluctuations in the initial conditions (ICs), is modeled using a peripheral tube model. In addition to differential flow, our analysis focuses on a class of more sensitive observables known as flow factorization. Specifically, we evaluate these observables using the MLE, an asymptotically normal and unbiased tool in standard statistical inference. Our findings show that the resulting differential flow remains essentially unchanged for different ICs defined by the peripheral tube model. The resulting harmonic coefficients obtained using the MLE and multi-particle cumulants are found to be consistent. However, the calculated flow factorizations show significant variations depending on both the IC and estimators, which is attributed to their sensitivity to initial-state fluctuations. Thus, we argue that the MLE offers a compelling alternative to standard methods, such as multi-particle correlators, particularly for sensitive observables constructed from higher moments of the azimuthal distribution.
2025, 49(8): 084105. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/adcc8c
Abstract:
The spin alignment of\begin{document}$ J/\psi $\end{document} ![]()
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with respect to the event plane in relativistic heavy ion collisions exhibits a significant signal. We propose a possible mechanism for spin alignment through the spin-dependent dissociation of quarkonia in vortical quark-gluon plasma. The spin-dependent dissociation is realized through inelastic scattering between constituents of quarkonium and those of quark-gluon plasma polarized by vorticity. The spin-dependent dissociation rate is found to depend on the directions of vorticity, quantization axis, and quark momentum. We implement our results in a dissociation-dominated evolution model for quarkonia in the Bjorken flow, finding that the spin 0 state is slightly suppressed compared with the average of the other two, which is consistent with the sign observed in experiments. We also observe the absence of logarithmic enhancement in the binding energy in the vortical correction to the dissociation rate, which is understood from the requirement that a spin-dependent dissociation can only result from quark coupling to a pair of chromomagnetic and chromoelectric fields.
The spin alignment of
2025, 49(8): 084106. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/adcd4a
Abstract:
The correlation between\begin{document}$ B(E2) $\end{document} ![]()
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structure and triaxial deformation has been investigated within the framework of the proton-neutron boson model. The analysis reveals that the distinctive feature, characterized by \begin{document}$ B(E2;4_1^+\rightarrow2_1^+)/B(E2;2_1^+\rightarrow0_1^+)<1.0 $\end{document} ![]()
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along with \begin{document}$ E(4_1^+)/E(2_1^+)>2.0 $\end{document} ![]()
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, can emerge from the triaxial \begin{document}$ S U$\end{document} ![]()
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(3) symmetry inherent in two-fluid boson systems, attributed to band-mixing effects. This suggests a symmetry-based understanding of the anomalous \begin{document}$ E2 $\end{document} ![]()
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transitions observed in experiments.
The correlation between
2025, 49(8): 084107. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/adcf10
Abstract:
We analyzed quasifission lifetimes of superheavy elements (SHEs) in the atomic number range\begin{document}$ 104\le Z\le 120 $\end{document} ![]()
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and mass number range \begin{document}$ 243\le A\le 301 $\end{document} ![]()
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considering various projectile-target combinations. Nucleus-nucleus potentials were evaluated using the nuclear proximity 2010 model, and quasifission barriers were evaluated as the difference between minimum and maximum potentials. The quasifission lifetimes varied from 0.1 zs to 2040 zs, with lifetimes above 1600 zs for \begin{document}$ ^{249}_{145} $\end{document} ![]()
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Rf, \begin{document}$ ^{248}_{143} $\end{document} ![]()
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Db, \begin{document}$ ^{260}_{154} $\end{document} ![]()
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Sg, and \begin{document}$ ^{263}_{156} $\end{document} ![]()
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Hs. The quasifission lifetimes decreased with increasing Z, dropping to 0.1 zs at Z=120. Shorter quasifission lifetimes may contribute to a reduction in production cross-sections from nanobarns to picobarns for elements with Z=104 to Z=118. Furthermore, the impact of angular momentum on quasifission barriers exhibited a decreasing trend as the atomic number increased. The shortest lifetime of 253 zs was observed at Z= 120, while longer lifetimes, such as 659 zs for 64Ni+196Pt, suggest enhanced stability. The model was validated against data available in literature, generally producing lower values except for 34S+186W and 238U+48Ca, where significant increases were observed.
We analyzed quasifission lifetimes of superheavy elements (SHEs) in the atomic number range
2025, 49(8): 084108. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add9f9
Abstract:
Based on the extended projected shell model − a microscopic nuclear many-body theory − our recently published article [Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 042502 (2022)] found an unexpected phenomenon (\begin{document}$ \Delta I = 2 $\end{document} ![]()
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bifurcation) in rotational bands associated with scissors vibrations in \begin{document}$ ^{156} {\rm{Gd}}$\end{document} ![]()
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. In the present work, we extended the study by systematically changing the model parameters (deformation and strength of the monopole-pairing force) for the \begin{document}$ ^{156} {\rm{Gd}}$\end{document} ![]()
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calculation. We also calculated additional isotopes and isotones with respect to \begin{document}$ ^{156} {\rm{Gd}}$\end{document} ![]()
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. In all calculations, we found a similar occurrence of the \begin{document}$ \Delta I = 2 $\end{document} ![]()
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bifurcation in the results. Thus, we confirmed that the bifurcation behavior of the scissors rotational bands originates from the self-organizing effects of deformed proton and neutron bodies during the scissors motion, independently of the model parameters.
Based on the extended projected shell model − a microscopic nuclear many-body theory − our recently published article [Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 042502 (2022)] found an unexpected phenomenon (
2025, 49(8): 084109. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add9fc
Abstract:
Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) have emerged as a powerful tool for solving high-dimensional partial differential equations and have demonstrated promising results across various fields of physics and engineering. In this paper, we present the first application of PINNs to quantum tunneling in heavy-ion fusion reactions. By incorporating the physical laws directly into the neural network's loss function, PINNs enable the accurate solution of the multidimensional Schrödinger equation, whose wavefunction has substantial oscillations. The calculated quantum tunneling probabilities exhibit good agreement with those obtained using the finite element method at the considered near barrier energy region. Furthermore, we demonstrate a significant advantage of the PINN approach to save and fine-tune pre-trained neural networks for related tunneling calculations, thereby enhancing computational efficiency and adaptability.
Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) have emerged as a powerful tool for solving high-dimensional partial differential equations and have demonstrated promising results across various fields of physics and engineering. In this paper, we present the first application of PINNs to quantum tunneling in heavy-ion fusion reactions. By incorporating the physical laws directly into the neural network's loss function, PINNs enable the accurate solution of the multidimensional Schrödinger equation, whose wavefunction has substantial oscillations. The calculated quantum tunneling probabilities exhibit good agreement with those obtained using the finite element method at the considered near barrier energy region. Furthermore, we demonstrate a significant advantage of the PINN approach to save and fine-tune pre-trained neural networks for related tunneling calculations, thereby enhancing computational efficiency and adaptability.
2025, 49(8): 085101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add114
Abstract:
Axion-like particles (ALPs) produced via the Primakoff process in the cores of galactic core-collapse supernovae (SNe) could convert into MeV-energy γ-rays through interactions with the magnetic field of the Milky Way. To evaluate the detection prospects for such signals, we perform sensitivity projections for next-generation MeV telescopes by combining hypothetical instrument responses with realistic background estimates. Our analysis incorporates detailed simulations of the expected ALP flux from nearby SNe, the energy-dependent conversion probability in galactic magnetic fields, and the telescope’s angular/energy resolution based on advanced detector designs. Background components are modeled using data from current MeV missions and extrapolated to future sensitivity regimes. Our simulations demonstrate that next-generation telescopes with improved effective areas and energy resolutions could achieve sensitivity to photon-ALP couplings as low as\begin{document}$ g_{a\gamma} \approx 1.61 \times 10^{-13}\; \mathrm{GeV}^{-1} $\end{document} ![]()
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for ALP masses \begin{document}$ m_a \lesssim 10^{-9}\; \mathrm{eV} $\end{document} ![]()
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in the galactic center. These results indicate that future MeV missions will probe unexplored regions of the ALP parameter space, with conservative estimates suggesting they could constrain \begin{document}$ g_{a\gamma} $\end{document} ![]()
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values two orders of magnitude below current astrophysical limits. Such observations would provide the most stringent tests to date for ALPs as dark matter candidates in the ultra-light mass regime.
Axion-like particles (ALPs) produced via the Primakoff process in the cores of galactic core-collapse supernovae (SNe) could convert into MeV-energy γ-rays through interactions with the magnetic field of the Milky Way. To evaluate the detection prospects for such signals, we perform sensitivity projections for next-generation MeV telescopes by combining hypothetical instrument responses with realistic background estimates. Our analysis incorporates detailed simulations of the expected ALP flux from nearby SNe, the energy-dependent conversion probability in galactic magnetic fields, and the telescope’s angular/energy resolution based on advanced detector designs. Background components are modeled using data from current MeV missions and extrapolated to future sensitivity regimes. Our simulations demonstrate that next-generation telescopes with improved effective areas and energy resolutions could achieve sensitivity to photon-ALP couplings as low as
2025, 49(8): 085102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add9fb
Abstract:
The rotational metric provides an exact solution to Einstein's clock-rate problem in curved spacetime, specifically, whether time flows more slowly at the equator of a compact object such as a neutron star than at its poles. It features a curvature singularity, an event horizon, a potentially evolving ergosphere, a rigidly-rotating normal space, and two stationary limit surfaces. Although derived from the Schwarzschild metric through rotational transformations, it includes an additional ergosphere. Given the equivalence of inertia and gravity, this demonstrates how non-inertial transformations, such as rotational transformations, can introduce new spacetime structures into a gravitational system. In particular, the additional physical degrees of freedom carried by rotational transformations are eaten by the gravitational system to form an additional ergosphere. Furthermore, the rotational metric effectively models a rigidly-rotating gravitational system and is applicable for describing rotationally-induced gravitational effects in various rotating magnetospheres.
The rotational metric provides an exact solution to Einstein's clock-rate problem in curved spacetime, specifically, whether time flows more slowly at the equator of a compact object such as a neutron star than at its poles. It features a curvature singularity, an event horizon, a potentially evolving ergosphere, a rigidly-rotating normal space, and two stationary limit surfaces. Although derived from the Schwarzschild metric through rotational transformations, it includes an additional ergosphere. Given the equivalence of inertia and gravity, this demonstrates how non-inertial transformations, such as rotational transformations, can introduce new spacetime structures into a gravitational system. In particular, the additional physical degrees of freedom carried by rotational transformations are eaten by the gravitational system to form an additional ergosphere. Furthermore, the rotational metric effectively models a rigidly-rotating gravitational system and is applicable for describing rotationally-induced gravitational effects in various rotating magnetospheres.
2025, 49(8): 085103. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/adcc89
Abstract:
We investigate the entanglement harvesting protocol within the context of cylindrical gravitational waves given first by Einstein and Rosen, focusing on the interactions between nonrelativistic quantum systems and linearized quantum gravity. We study how two spatially separated detectors can extract entanglement from the specific spacetime in the presence of gravitational waves, which provides a precise quantification of the entanglement that can be harvested using these detectors. In particular, we obtain the relation between harvested entanglement and distance to wave sources that emits gravitational waves and analyze detectability using quantum Fisher information. The enhanced detectability demonstrates the advantages of cylindrical symmetric gravitational waves.
We investigate the entanglement harvesting protocol within the context of cylindrical gravitational waves given first by Einstein and Rosen, focusing on the interactions between nonrelativistic quantum systems and linearized quantum gravity. We study how two spatially separated detectors can extract entanglement from the specific spacetime in the presence of gravitational waves, which provides a precise quantification of the entanglement that can be harvested using these detectors. In particular, we obtain the relation between harvested entanglement and distance to wave sources that emits gravitational waves and analyze detectability using quantum Fisher information. The enhanced detectability demonstrates the advantages of cylindrical symmetric gravitational waves.
2025, 49(8): 085104. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/add10e
Abstract:
Recent high-resolution observations have established a strong link between black hole jets and accretion disk structures, particularly in the 3.5 mm wavelength band [Nature. 616,686 (2023)]. In this work, we propose a "jet-modified Novikov-Thorne disk model" that explicitly incorporates jet luminosity into the accretion disk radiation framework. By integrating synchrotron radiation from relativistic electrons in the jet, we derive a modified luminosity function that accounts for both the accretion disk and jet contributions. Our analysis demonstrates that the inclusion of jet luminosity enhances the total accretion disk luminosity by approximately 33.5%, as derived from the integration of radiative flux. Furthermore, we compare our modified model with the standard Novikov-Thorne model and find that the jet contribution remains significant across different observational inclinations. These results highlight the necessity of incorporating jet effects when estimating the observable flux of black hole accretion systems, which has direct implications for future astronomical observations.
Recent high-resolution observations have established a strong link between black hole jets and accretion disk structures, particularly in the 3.5 mm wavelength band [Nature. 616,686 (2023)]. In this work, we propose a "jet-modified Novikov-Thorne disk model" that explicitly incorporates jet luminosity into the accretion disk radiation framework. By integrating synchrotron radiation from relativistic electrons in the jet, we derive a modified luminosity function that accounts for both the accretion disk and jet contributions. Our analysis demonstrates that the inclusion of jet luminosity enhances the total accretion disk luminosity by approximately 33.5%, as derived from the integration of radiative flux. Furthermore, we compare our modified model with the standard Novikov-Thorne model and find that the jet contribution remains significant across different observational inclinations. These results highlight the necessity of incorporating jet effects when estimating the observable flux of black hole accretion systems, which has direct implications for future astronomical observations.
2025, 49(8): 085105. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ade49f
Abstract:
Gravity is identical to curved spacetime. It is manifested by the curvature of a Riemannian spacetime in general relativity but by torsion or non-metricity in teleparallel gravity models. In this paper, we apply these multiple options to the spacetime perturbation theory and seek the possibilities of representing the gravitation of the background and that of the perturbation in separate ways. We show that the perturbation around a Riemannian background can be described by torsion or non-metricity, so that we have teleparallel like actions for the perturbation.
Gravity is identical to curved spacetime. It is manifested by the curvature of a Riemannian spacetime in general relativity but by torsion or non-metricity in teleparallel gravity models. In this paper, we apply these multiple options to the spacetime perturbation theory and seek the possibilities of representing the gravitation of the background and that of the perturbation in separate ways. We show that the perturbation around a Riemannian background can be described by torsion or non-metricity, so that we have teleparallel like actions for the perturbation.
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