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2026, 50(5): 051001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae4325
Abstract:
We investigate the Wigner distributions of gluons at non-zero skewness using light-front wave functions within the dressed quark model, where the target state is a quark dressed with a gluon in the leading-order Fock space expansion. The analyses focus on the configurations wherein the gluon and/or the target are transversely polarized. Subsequently, we derive analytical expressions for the Wigner distributions in the boost-invariant longitudinal space (σ) for transversely polarized configurations. Resultantly, a diffraction-like oscillatory pattern is yielded in σ-space, which is analogous to that reported previously for unpolarized and longitudinally polarized gluons.
We investigate the Wigner distributions of gluons at non-zero skewness using light-front wave functions within the dressed quark model, where the target state is a quark dressed with a gluon in the leading-order Fock space expansion. The analyses focus on the configurations wherein the gluon and/or the target are transversely polarized. Subsequently, we derive analytical expressions for the Wigner distributions in the boost-invariant longitudinal space (σ) for transversely polarized configurations. Resultantly, a diffraction-like oscillatory pattern is yielded in σ-space, which is analogous to that reported previously for unpolarized and longitudinally polarized gluons.
2026, 50(5): 053001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae43c4
Abstract:
The high altitude detection of astronomical radiation (HADAR) project proposes the use of a refracting telescope composed of four 5.0 m diameter water lenses arranged in a square configuration (100 m × 100 m). This configuration features a wide field of view (FoV, up to 0.84 sr) and low-energy threshold characteristics for observing Cherenkov light generated by high-energy cosmic rays in atmospheric air showers. The Fresnel lens exhibits excellent imaging performance, lightweight characteristics, mature manufacturing processes, strong adaptability in high-altitude low-temperature environments, and facilitates array deployment. The lens has been validated through a series of pilot missions in the Joint Exploratory Missions for an Extreme Universe Space Observatory program, leading to the proposal of a telescope unit design that utilizes the Fresnel lens as an alternative to the water lens. This study simulates and examines the effects of parameters such as the radius of curvature, tooth width, and Fresnel lens thickness on the focal length and image spot (\begin{document}$r_{80}$\end{document} \begin{document}$r_{80}$\end{document} \begin{document}$\leq$\end{document} \begin{document}$r_{80}$\end{document}
The high altitude detection of astronomical radiation (HADAR) project proposes the use of a refracting telescope composed of four 5.0 m diameter water lenses arranged in a square configuration (100 m × 100 m). This configuration features a wide field of view (FoV, up to 0.84 sr) and low-energy threshold characteristics for observing Cherenkov light generated by high-energy cosmic rays in atmospheric air showers. The Fresnel lens exhibits excellent imaging performance, lightweight characteristics, mature manufacturing processes, strong adaptability in high-altitude low-temperature environments, and facilitates array deployment. The lens has been validated through a series of pilot missions in the Joint Exploratory Missions for an Extreme Universe Space Observatory program, leading to the proposal of a telescope unit design that utilizes the Fresnel lens as an alternative to the water lens. This study simulates and examines the effects of parameters such as the radius of curvature, tooth width, and Fresnel lens thickness on the focal length and image spot (
2026, 50(5): 053101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae31df
Abstract:
We propose a novel method for extracting non-singlet (NS) fragmentation functions (FFs) of light charged hadrons from charge asymmetries measured in hadron fragmentation using data from both single-inclusive electron-positron annihilation and semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering processes. We determine the NS FFs for pions and kaons at next-to-next-to-leading order in Quantum Chromodynamics through a comprehensive uncertainty analysis. The extracted FFs reveal a scaling index of approximately 0.7 at large momentum fractions and low energy scales, a strangeness suppression factor of approximately 0.5, and universality in fragmentation of light mesons. Our findings establish a valuable benchmark for testing non-perturbative QCD models and Monte Carlo event generators, and serve as crucial inputs for future electron-ion colliders.
We propose a novel method for extracting non-singlet (NS) fragmentation functions (FFs) of light charged hadrons from charge asymmetries measured in hadron fragmentation using data from both single-inclusive electron-positron annihilation and semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering processes. We determine the NS FFs for pions and kaons at next-to-next-to-leading order in Quantum Chromodynamics through a comprehensive uncertainty analysis. The extracted FFs reveal a scaling index of approximately 0.7 at large momentum fractions and low energy scales, a strangeness suppression factor of approximately 0.5, and universality in fragmentation of light mesons. Our findings establish a valuable benchmark for testing non-perturbative QCD models and Monte Carlo event generators, and serve as crucial inputs for future electron-ion colliders.
2026, 50(5): 053102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae39cc
Abstract:
The interference between amplitudes corresponding to different intermediate resonances plays an important role in generating large CP asymmetries in the phase space in multi-body decays of bottom and charmed mesons. In this study, we examine the CP violation in the decay channel\begin{document}$ {\overline{B}}^{0}\rightarrow K^{-}\pi^{+}\pi^{0} $\end{document} \begin{document}$ \overline{K}^{*}(892)^{0} $\end{document} \begin{document}$ {\overline{K}^{*}_{0}(700)} $\end{document} \begin{document}$ \overline{K}^{*}(892)^{0} $\end{document}
The interference between amplitudes corresponding to different intermediate resonances plays an important role in generating large CP asymmetries in the phase space in multi-body decays of bottom and charmed mesons. In this study, we examine the CP violation in the decay channel
2026, 50(5): 053103. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae3dc0
Abstract:
The Schwinger effect, a non-perturbative mechanism for particle production in strong fields, plays a crucial role in understanding quantum vacuum decay and high-energy phenomena, including heavy-ion collisions (HIC). Although holographic quantum chromodynamics (QCD) models have been widely used to study this effect, most treatments assume isotropy or consider only a single type of anisotropy, neglecting the interplay between spatial and magnetic anisotropies that arise in realistic HIC scenarios. A unified framework accounting for both anisotropies is needed to accurately model particle production. We investigate the Schwinger effect in a twice anisotropic holographic QCD model incorporating both spatial and magnetic anisotropies. Using the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence, we compute the total potential of a particle-antiparticle pair to quantify how these anisotropies influence pair production. Our results show that the magnetic field (parameterized by\begin{document}$c_B$\end{document} \begin{document}$q_3$\end{document} \begin{document}$\nu$\end{document}
The Schwinger effect, a non-perturbative mechanism for particle production in strong fields, plays a crucial role in understanding quantum vacuum decay and high-energy phenomena, including heavy-ion collisions (HIC). Although holographic quantum chromodynamics (QCD) models have been widely used to study this effect, most treatments assume isotropy or consider only a single type of anisotropy, neglecting the interplay between spatial and magnetic anisotropies that arise in realistic HIC scenarios. A unified framework accounting for both anisotropies is needed to accurately model particle production. We investigate the Schwinger effect in a twice anisotropic holographic QCD model incorporating both spatial and magnetic anisotropies. Using the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence, we compute the total potential of a particle-antiparticle pair to quantify how these anisotropies influence pair production. Our results show that the magnetic field (parameterized by
2026, 50(5): 053104. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae3be1
Abstract:
Investigating the electromagnetic characteristics of unconventional states may offer new insights into their internal structures. In particular, the magnetic moment attributes may serve as a crucial physical observable for differentiating exotic states with disparate configurations or spin-parity quantum numbers. As a promising avenue for research, encompassing both opportunities and challenges, an in-depth examination of the electromagnetic properties of exotic states is crucial for advancing our understanding of unconventional states. Motivated by this, in this study, the magnetic moments of\begin{document}${I(J^{P})} = 1(1^{+})$\end{document} \begin{document}$ Z_{\bar{b} c} $\end{document} \begin{document}$ 3_c \otimes \bar{3}_c $\end{document} \begin{document}$ Z_{\bar{b} c} $\end{document} \begin{document}$ Z_{\bar{b} c} $\end{document}
Investigating the electromagnetic characteristics of unconventional states may offer new insights into their internal structures. In particular, the magnetic moment attributes may serve as a crucial physical observable for differentiating exotic states with disparate configurations or spin-parity quantum numbers. As a promising avenue for research, encompassing both opportunities and challenges, an in-depth examination of the electromagnetic properties of exotic states is crucial for advancing our understanding of unconventional states. Motivated by this, in this study, the magnetic moments of
2026, 50(5): 053105. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae3f0b
Abstract:
Motivated by the observation of the doubly charmed tetraquark\begin{document}$ T_{cc}(3875)^+ $\end{document} \begin{document}$ T_{QQ'\bar{q}\bar{q}'} $\end{document} \begin{document}$ cc $\end{document} \begin{document}$ bb $\end{document} \begin{document}$ bc $\end{document} \begin{document}$ J^P = 0^+, 1^+ $\end{document} \begin{document}$ 2^+ $\end{document} \begin{document}$ bb\bar{q}\bar{q}' $\end{document}
Motivated by the observation of the doubly charmed tetraquark
2026, 50(5): 053106. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae4583
Abstract:
Within the framework of Dyson-Schwinger equations (DSEs) and by means of the Multiple Reflection Expansion approximation, we study the finite volume effects on the constituent quark mass in a strong external magnetic field. Since the magnetic field influences the coupling constant, which controls the strength of strong interactions in QCD, we adopt the magnetic-field-dependent running coupling constant in our simulations. The results show that, in addition to the magnetic field, the masses of constituent quarks also have a significant dependence on the volume and the running coupling constant. The model behaves closely to the infinite volume limit for large sizes, but the effect of the finite volume is significant when the system size R is about\begin{document}$ 2-6 $\end{document}
Within the framework of Dyson-Schwinger equations (DSEs) and by means of the Multiple Reflection Expansion approximation, we study the finite volume effects on the constituent quark mass in a strong external magnetic field. Since the magnetic field influences the coupling constant, which controls the strength of strong interactions in QCD, we adopt the magnetic-field-dependent running coupling constant in our simulations. The results show that, in addition to the magnetic field, the masses of constituent quarks also have a significant dependence on the volume and the running coupling constant. The model behaves closely to the infinite volume limit for large sizes, but the effect of the finite volume is significant when the system size R is about
2026, 50(5): 053107. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae4579
Abstract:
In brane-world scenarios, the effective action of a massless bulk\begin{document}$U(1)$\end{document} \begin{document}$(\nabla^M X_M)^2$\end{document} \begin{document}$U(1)$\end{document}
In brane-world scenarios, the effective action of a massless bulk
2026, 50(5): 053108. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae4a0b
Abstract:
The quark-mass dependence of the\begin{document}$ N^*(920) $\end{document} \begin{document}$ \pi N $\end{document} \begin{document}$ O(p^3) $\end{document} \begin{document}$ N^*(920) $\end{document} \begin{document}$ w=\sqrt{s} $\end{document} \begin{document}$ O(p^2) $\end{document} \begin{document}$ 526\; {\rm{MeV}} $\end{document} \begin{document}$ O(p^3) $\end{document} \begin{document}$N^*(920)$\end{document}
The quark-mass dependence of the
2026, 50(5): 053109. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae3f0a
Abstract:
We present a comprehensive bottom-up analysis of lepton mass and mixing based on the non-holomorphic\begin{document}$A_{4}$\end{document} \begin{document}$\pm4$\end{document} \begin{document}$\pm2$\end{document} \begin{document}$N=3$\end{document} \begin{document}$A_{4}$\end{document}
We present a comprehensive bottom-up analysis of lepton mass and mixing based on the non-holomorphic
2026, 50(5): 053110. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae457e
Abstract:
We assess the impact of measuring deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) off protons using the planned detector at the Electron-Ion Collider in China (EicC), which is proposed as an upgrade to the High Intensity Heavy-Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF). We develop a neural-network architecture to flexibly parameterize Compton form factors (CFFs), reliably extrapolate into unmeasured kinematic regions, and provide robust uncertainty estimates using the replica method. The framework is fitted to available worldwide DVCS data using the\begin{document}$ {\mathrm{Gepard}}$\end{document}
We assess the impact of measuring deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) off protons using the planned detector at the Electron-Ion Collider in China (EicC), which is proposed as an upgrade to the High Intensity Heavy-Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF). We develop a neural-network architecture to flexibly parameterize Compton form factors (CFFs), reliably extrapolate into unmeasured kinematic regions, and provide robust uncertainty estimates using the replica method. The framework is fitted to available worldwide DVCS data using the
2026, 50(5): 053111. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae4ba9
Abstract:
In this study, we compute the next-to-leading-order QCD corrections to the Dirac electromagnetic form factors of the Σ hyperons within the hard-collinear factorization framework at leading power. The corresponding short-distance coefficient functions are extracted from the relevant seven-point partonic correlation functions. We find that the one-loop radiative corrections to the leading-twist hard-scattering contributions are numerically significant over a broad range of momentum transfer. Combining the perturbatively calculated hard kernels with nonperturbative Σ distribution amplitudes determined from lattice QCD, we present state-of-the-art theoretical predictions for the Σ hyperon electromagnetic form factors.
In this study, we compute the next-to-leading-order QCD corrections to the Dirac electromagnetic form factors of the Σ hyperons within the hard-collinear factorization framework at leading power. The corresponding short-distance coefficient functions are extracted from the relevant seven-point partonic correlation functions. We find that the one-loop radiative corrections to the leading-twist hard-scattering contributions are numerically significant over a broad range of momentum transfer. Combining the perturbatively calculated hard kernels with nonperturbative Σ distribution amplitudes determined from lattice QCD, we present state-of-the-art theoretical predictions for the Σ hyperon electromagnetic form factors.
2026, 50(5): 053112. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae4324
Abstract:
As an extension of our prior work, we analyze the resonance contributions for the kaon pair originating from the intermediate\begin{document}$ \rho(770) $\end{document} \begin{document}$ \omega(782) $\end{document} \begin{document}$ B\to \eta^{(\prime)} K\bar{K} $\end{document} \begin{document}$ \rho(770,1450,1700)\to K\bar K $\end{document} \begin{document}$ \omega(782,1420,1650)\to K\bar K $\end{document} \begin{document}$ K\bar K $\end{document} \begin{document}$ K\bar K $\end{document} \begin{document}$ \rho(770) $\end{document} \begin{document}$ \omega(782) $\end{document} \begin{document}$ \rho(1450,1700) $\end{document} \begin{document}$ \omega(1420,1650) $\end{document}
As an extension of our prior work, we analyze the resonance contributions for the kaon pair originating from the intermediate
2026, 50(5): 054001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae38c4
Abstract:
High-spin states of 117In are studied through the incomplete fusion reaction induced by 7Li with 116Cd. A total of 19 new levels and 22 new transitions are observed. A pair of signature partner bands with the\begin{document}$ \pi (g_{7/2},d_{5/2})$\end{document} \begin{document}$ \pi g_{9/2}^{-1} \otimes \nu (h_{11/2})^2$\end{document}
High-spin states of 117In are studied through the incomplete fusion reaction induced by 7Li with 116Cd. A total of 19 new levels and 22 new transitions are observed. A pair of signature partner bands with the
2026, 50(5): 054002. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae457b
Abstract:
Excited states of 95Mo have been reinvestigated via the 87Rb(12C,1p3n)95Mo fusion-evaporation reaction at a beam energy of 62 MeV. The level scheme of 95Mo was enriched by the addition of 13 γ-ray transitions and 11 new levels, while the placements of 6 transitions were reassigned. Shell-model calculations with the GWBXG and SNET interactions were performed to reproduce parts of the observed level structure, providing relevant configuration information. Furthermore, a systematic analysis of the low-lying positive-parity yrast states was conducted for 95Mo and its neighboring\begin{document}$ N=53 $\end{document}
Excited states of 95Mo have been reinvestigated via the 87Rb(12C,1p3n)95Mo fusion-evaporation reaction at a beam energy of 62 MeV. The level scheme of 95Mo was enriched by the addition of 13 γ-ray transitions and 11 new levels, while the placements of 6 transitions were reassigned. Shell-model calculations with the GWBXG and SNET interactions were performed to reproduce parts of the observed level structure, providing relevant configuration information. Furthermore, a systematic analysis of the low-lying positive-parity yrast states was conducted for 95Mo and its neighboring
2026, 50(5): 054101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae3072
Abstract:
The theoretical prediction on the in-medium\begin{document}$NN\rightarrow N\Delta$\end{document} \begin{document}$R=\sigma^*_{NN\rightarrow N\Delta}/\sigma^{\rm free}_{NN\rightarrow N\Delta}$\end{document}
The theoretical prediction on the in-medium
2026, 50(5): 054102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae3e56
Abstract:
The linear relationship between the charge radius deviations for nuclei\begin{document}$ (Z,\, N) $\end{document} \begin{document}$ (Z,\, N-2) $\end{document}
The linear relationship between the charge radius deviations for nuclei
2026, 50(5): 054103. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae3376
Abstract:
We investigate the role of nuclear fission fragment yield distributions in shaping r-process nucleosynthesis within the low-entropy environment of neutron-star-merger ejecta. Our results demonstrate that post-freeze-out fission fragment yields play a critical role in determining the abundance pattern of the second r-process peak and its right shoulder (\begin{document}$ 130 \lt A \lt 170$\end{document}
We investigate the role of nuclear fission fragment yield distributions in shaping r-process nucleosynthesis within the low-entropy environment of neutron-star-merger ejecta. Our results demonstrate that post-freeze-out fission fragment yields play a critical role in determining the abundance pattern of the second r-process peak and its right shoulder (
2026, 50(5): 054104. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae4584
Abstract:
The role of near neutron-drip-line nuclei in the rapid neutron-capture process (r-process) is studied using the classical r-process model. Simulations under different astrophysical conditions (T,\begin{document}$n_n$\end{document} \begin{document}$A=110-125$\end{document} \begin{document}$A=175-185$\end{document} \begin{document}$A=200-205$\end{document} \begin{document}$A=130,195$\end{document} \begin{document}$25\leq Z\leq 90$\end{document} \begin{document}$50\leq N\leq 180$\end{document}
The role of near neutron-drip-line nuclei in the rapid neutron-capture process (r-process) is studied using the classical r-process model. Simulations under different astrophysical conditions (T,
2026, 50(5): 054105. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae43c5
Abstract:
A suitable Hamiltonian was designed for the Zr isotopes over the N = 50 shell by including shell model space between 78Ni and 132Sn. The Hamiltonian is composed by the pairing-plus-multipole force and monopole correction terms. The single-particle energies (SPEs) were initially taken from the low-lying states of hole nuclei 131In and 131Sn (near the N = 82 shell closure). These SPEs were then modified by three monopole correction terms to better describe the low-lying states of 91Zr (near the N = 50 shell closure). To test this Hamiltonian, the level spectra of 91−94Zr were investigated in both low-lying and high-spin excitations by large-scale shell-model calculations. Their wave functions were further tested by comparing the electromagnetic transition probabilities with given\begin{document}$ B(E2)$\end{document}
A suitable Hamiltonian was designed for the Zr isotopes over the N = 50 shell by including shell model space between 78Ni and 132Sn. The Hamiltonian is composed by the pairing-plus-multipole force and monopole correction terms. The single-particle energies (SPEs) were initially taken from the low-lying states of hole nuclei 131In and 131Sn (near the N = 82 shell closure). These SPEs were then modified by three monopole correction terms to better describe the low-lying states of 91Zr (near the N = 50 shell closure). To test this Hamiltonian, the level spectra of 91−94Zr were investigated in both low-lying and high-spin excitations by large-scale shell-model calculations. Their wave functions were further tested by comparing the electromagnetic transition probabilities with given
2026, 50(5): 054106. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae4966
Abstract:
Proton radioactivity, a rare decay mode occurring in proton-rich nuclei beyond the proton drip line, provides valuable insights into nuclear structure, nuclear stability, and the limits of nuclear existence. Building upon the Geiger-Nuttall (GN) law and recent developments in one- and two-proton radioactivity systematics, this paper reports an improved GN law that explicitly separates the effects of daughter-nucleus charge\begin{document}$Z_d$\end{document}
Proton radioactivity, a rare decay mode occurring in proton-rich nuclei beyond the proton drip line, provides valuable insights into nuclear structure, nuclear stability, and the limits of nuclear existence. Building upon the Geiger-Nuttall (GN) law and recent developments in one- and two-proton radioactivity systematics, this paper reports an improved GN law that explicitly separates the effects of daughter-nucleus charge
2026, 50(5): 054107. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae4329
Abstract:
Nuclear level density (NLD) plays a crucial role in describing the statistical properties of excited nuclei and is a key input for models of compound nuclear reactions, such as those used in nuclear astrophysics and reactor physics. In this study, we construct microscopic nuclear level densities for Sn isotopes by combining single-particle spectra, pairing correlations, and deformation parameters derived from relativistic Hartree–Bogoliubov (RHB) calculations with the combinatorial method. We examine the energy dependence and isotopic systematics of the calculated level densities. In particular, we analyze their variation with excitation energy and neutron number, and compare them to available experimental data, including cumulative low-lying levels and s-wave neutron resonance spacings (\begin{document}$ D_0 $\end{document} \begin{document}$ (n,\gamma) $\end{document} \begin{document}$ (n,\gamma) $\end{document}
Nuclear level density (NLD) plays a crucial role in describing the statistical properties of excited nuclei and is a key input for models of compound nuclear reactions, such as those used in nuclear astrophysics and reactor physics. In this study, we construct microscopic nuclear level densities for Sn isotopes by combining single-particle spectra, pairing correlations, and deformation parameters derived from relativistic Hartree–Bogoliubov (RHB) calculations with the combinatorial method. We examine the energy dependence and isotopic systematics of the calculated level densities. In particular, we analyze their variation with excitation energy and neutron number, and compare them to available experimental data, including cumulative low-lying levels and s-wave neutron resonance spacings (
2026, 50(5): 054108. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae4a90
Abstract:
We study proton radioactivity in proton-rich nuclei with\begin{document}$ 53 \leqslant Z \leqslant 83 $\end{document} \begin{document}$ \log_{10} T_{1/2} $\end{document} \begin{document}$ \sigma = 0.37 $\end{document} \begin{document}$ \sigma = 0.28 $\end{document} \begin{document}$ S_p^{{\rm{QYB}}} $\end{document} \begin{document}$ S_p^{{\rm{ZHF}}} $\end{document} \begin{document}$ Q_{p} $\end{document}
We study proton radioactivity in proton-rich nuclei with
2026, 50(5): 054109. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae4ba8
Abstract:
The simulation of the observed properties of type I X-ray bursts, also known as superbursts, poses challenges once Cooper pair neutrino emission from the crust of the neutron star are included. Further, additional heating of the accumulating fuel layer is required. The emission of γ-rays caused by electron captures to excited states in astrophysical environments is a major source of heat loss competing with that carried away by weak-interaction neutrinos. γ-heating significantly affect the presupernova evolution of massive stars and the calculation of the thermal structure in the crust and core of superbursts. This energy deposition enhances entropy production and promotes convection at this stage of stellar evolution. Effective γ-heating rates reduce the ignition depth of superbursts. A recent investigation ranked the leading electron capturing nuclei as the cause for significant changes in the lepton-to-baryon fraction (\begin{document}$Y_e$\end{document} \begin{document}$10^{9}$\end{document} \begin{document}$10^{11}$\end{document} \begin{document}$^{3}$\end{document}
The simulation of the observed properties of type I X-ray bursts, also known as superbursts, poses challenges once Cooper pair neutrino emission from the crust of the neutron star are included. Further, additional heating of the accumulating fuel layer is required. The emission of γ-rays caused by electron captures to excited states in astrophysical environments is a major source of heat loss competing with that carried away by weak-interaction neutrinos. γ-heating significantly affect the presupernova evolution of massive stars and the calculation of the thermal structure in the crust and core of superbursts. This energy deposition enhances entropy production and promotes convection at this stage of stellar evolution. Effective γ-heating rates reduce the ignition depth of superbursts. A recent investigation ranked the leading electron capturing nuclei as the cause for significant changes in the lepton-to-baryon fraction (
2026, 50(5): 055101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae3db6
Abstract:
This study investigates the imaging properties, photon-ring structure, and polarization signatures of rotating Hayward black holes, endowed with magnetic charges. We first derive the null geodesic and polarization parallel-transport equations in the rotating Hayward spacetime and cast them into a unified system of first-order differential equations suitable for numerical ray tracing. Using a fisheye camera model, together with an angular normalization scheme, we generate black hole images illuminated by both a spherical emission source and prograde/retrograde optically thin accretion disks to analyze the resulting redshift distribution and strong gravitational lensing features. By incorporating a set of representative magnetic-field configurations—including radial, polar, toroidal, and helical geometries—we compute the corresponding polarization maps and reveal how magnetic-field structure, black-hole spin, and magnetic charge shape the electric-vector position angle and polarization intensity. Our results show that magnetic charge induces a pronounced “D-shaped” distortion of the black hole shadow and enhances the polarization structure of the photon ring. We further observe that rotating Hayward black holes exhibit observable differences from Kerr black holes in their shadow morphology, photon-ring profiles, and polarization patterns. These findings offer theoretical predictions for future ground- and space-based interferometric observations and provide potential observational diagnostics for distinguishing between conventional Kerr and regular black hole models.
This study investigates the imaging properties, photon-ring structure, and polarization signatures of rotating Hayward black holes, endowed with magnetic charges. We first derive the null geodesic and polarization parallel-transport equations in the rotating Hayward spacetime and cast them into a unified system of first-order differential equations suitable for numerical ray tracing. Using a fisheye camera model, together with an angular normalization scheme, we generate black hole images illuminated by both a spherical emission source and prograde/retrograde optically thin accretion disks to analyze the resulting redshift distribution and strong gravitational lensing features. By incorporating a set of representative magnetic-field configurations—including radial, polar, toroidal, and helical geometries—we compute the corresponding polarization maps and reveal how magnetic-field structure, black-hole spin, and magnetic charge shape the electric-vector position angle and polarization intensity. Our results show that magnetic charge induces a pronounced “D-shaped” distortion of the black hole shadow and enhances the polarization structure of the photon ring. We further observe that rotating Hayward black holes exhibit observable differences from Kerr black holes in their shadow morphology, photon-ring profiles, and polarization patterns. These findings offer theoretical predictions for future ground- and space-based interferometric observations and provide potential observational diagnostics for distinguishing between conventional Kerr and regular black hole models.
2026, 50(5): 055102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae3db5
Abstract:
In this study, we examine the energy extraction from Kerr-AdS black holes following the magnetic reconnection process. The parameter space regions that satisfy the energy extraction condition, as well as the efficiency and power of the extracted energy, are analyzed. This study shows that the presence of a negative cosmological constant extends the range of dominant reconnection radial locations where the energy extraction condition is met and enables energy extraction, even from black holes with relatively low spin. Furthermore, the influence of the negative cosmological constant on energy extraction is modulated by the extent of the dominant reconnection radial region: a more negative cosmological constant enhances the extracted energy, efficiency, and power, particularly for smaller dominant reconnection radii. These results demonstrate that the energy extraction from Kerr-AdS black holes is more favorable than that from their asymptotically flat counterparts. Our results highlight the crucial role of the cosmological constant in energy extraction via magnetic reconnection.
In this study, we examine the energy extraction from Kerr-AdS black holes following the magnetic reconnection process. The parameter space regions that satisfy the energy extraction condition, as well as the efficiency and power of the extracted energy, are analyzed. This study shows that the presence of a negative cosmological constant extends the range of dominant reconnection radial locations where the energy extraction condition is met and enables energy extraction, even from black holes with relatively low spin. Furthermore, the influence of the negative cosmological constant on energy extraction is modulated by the extent of the dominant reconnection radial region: a more negative cosmological constant enhances the extracted energy, efficiency, and power, particularly for smaller dominant reconnection radii. These results demonstrate that the energy extraction from Kerr-AdS black holes is more favorable than that from their asymptotically flat counterparts. Our results highlight the crucial role of the cosmological constant in energy extraction via magnetic reconnection.
2026, 50(5): 055103. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae3e5a
Abstract:
We investigate warm inflation in the framework of\begin{document}$f(Q)$\end{document} \begin{document}$f(Q)$\end{document} \begin{document}$f(Q)$\end{document} \begin{document}$f(Q) = Q + mQ^n$\end{document} \begin{document}$f(Q) = mQ\ln(nQ)$\end{document} \begin{document}$n_s$\end{document} \begin{document}$r$\end{document} \begin{document}$f(Q)$\end{document} \begin{document}$f(Q)$\end{document} \begin{document}$T \gt H$\end{document} \begin{document}$f(Q)$\end{document} \begin{document}$n_s = 0.965 \pm 0.004$\end{document} \begin{document}$r \lt 0.036$\end{document} \begin{document}$f(Q)$\end{document}
We investigate warm inflation in the framework of
2026, 50(5): 055104. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae418a
Abstract:
In June 2023, multiple pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations provided evidence for the existence of a stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB). As a significant source of the SGWB, scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGWs) receive extensive attention. We explore the influence of anisotropic primordial power spectra on second-order SIGWs and derive explicit expressions for the energy density spectra. For specific anisotropic inflation models, we analyze the impact of Finslerian inflation and gauge field inflation models on PTAs and the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna and generalize the findings to model-independent scenarios. Our results indicate that current PTA observations cannot rule out the existence of small-scale anisotropic primordial perturbations.
In June 2023, multiple pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations provided evidence for the existence of a stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB). As a significant source of the SGWB, scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGWs) receive extensive attention. We explore the influence of anisotropic primordial power spectra on second-order SIGWs and derive explicit expressions for the energy density spectra. For specific anisotropic inflation models, we analyze the impact of Finslerian inflation and gauge field inflation models on PTAs and the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna and generalize the findings to model-independent scenarios. Our results indicate that current PTA observations cannot rule out the existence of small-scale anisotropic primordial perturbations.
2026, 50(5): 055105. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae4190
Abstract:
Backtracing simulations are widely employed to determine cosmic-ray particle trajectories in a geomagnetic field; in these simulations, the atmosphere is approximated as an artificial sharp boundary at a low altitude where the traced trajectory terminates. In this paper, we move beyond this simplified assumption and investigate two realistic physical processes that terminate cosmic-ray particle propagation in the atmosphere: Bethe-Bloch energy loss mechanisms and hard scattering interactions with atmospheric atoms using total cross-sections based on the Glauber-Gribov formalism. The former mechanism dominates at low rigidities (for protons below\begin{document}$ \sim0.57 $\end{document} \begin{document}$ \Delta\mathfrak{R}/\mathfrak{R} $\end{document} \begin{document}$ \langle N\rangle $\end{document} \begin{document}$ \exp(-0.14{\rm h}/{\rm km}) $\end{document} \begin{document}$ \Delta\mathfrak{R}/\mathfrak{R}+\langle N\rangle\lesssim1 $\end{document}
Backtracing simulations are widely employed to determine cosmic-ray particle trajectories in a geomagnetic field; in these simulations, the atmosphere is approximated as an artificial sharp boundary at a low altitude where the traced trajectory terminates. In this paper, we move beyond this simplified assumption and investigate two realistic physical processes that terminate cosmic-ray particle propagation in the atmosphere: Bethe-Bloch energy loss mechanisms and hard scattering interactions with atmospheric atoms using total cross-sections based on the Glauber-Gribov formalism. The former mechanism dominates at low rigidities (for protons below
2026, 50(5): 055106. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae432b
Abstract:
We propose a cosmological framework in which neutrino masses evolve dynamically through coupling with a scalar field that simultaneously drives inflation. The neutrino mass is modeled as a power-law, exponential, or hybrid function of the scalar field, yielding an effective potential that includes neutrino backreaction. Starting from the Einstein–Hilbert action in a flat FLRW background, we derive the modified Friedmann and Klein–Gordon equations incorporating this coupling. Using the Fermi–Dirac integrals, we account for the continuous transition of neutrinos from relativistic to nonrelativistic regimes. The inflationary dynamics are investigated through the slow-roll parameters derived from the effective potential, together with the evaluation of the scalar spectral index\begin{document}$ n_s $\end{document}
We propose a cosmological framework in which neutrino masses evolve dynamically through coupling with a scalar field that simultaneously drives inflation. The neutrino mass is modeled as a power-law, exponential, or hybrid function of the scalar field, yielding an effective potential that includes neutrino backreaction. Starting from the Einstein–Hilbert action in a flat FLRW background, we derive the modified Friedmann and Klein–Gordon equations incorporating this coupling. Using the Fermi–Dirac integrals, we account for the continuous transition of neutrinos from relativistic to nonrelativistic regimes. The inflationary dynamics are investigated through the slow-roll parameters derived from the effective potential, together with the evaluation of the scalar spectral index
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