2008 Vol. 32, No. 2
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2008, 32(2): 83-87. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/32/2/001
Abstract:
In this paper a feasibility study of the Bc meson to measure its mass and lifetime is described with the general purpose detector at the LHC. The study solely concentrated on the J/ψπ+, J/ψ→μ+μ－ decay channel of the Bc and it was concluded that about 120 events can be selected in the first fb－1 of data. With this data sample, the mass resolution was estimated to be 2.0(stat.)MeV/c2 while the cτ resolution was found to be 13.1(stat.)μm, i.e. the lifetime resolution to be 0.044(stat.)ps.
In this paper a feasibility study of the Bc meson to measure its mass and lifetime is described with the general purpose detector at the LHC. The study solely concentrated on the J/ψπ+, J/ψ→μ+μ－ decay channel of the Bc and it was concluded that about 120 events can be selected in the first fb－1 of data. With this data sample, the mass resolution was estimated to be 2.0(stat.)MeV/c2 while the cτ resolution was found to be 13.1(stat.)μm, i.e. the lifetime resolution to be 0.044(stat.)ps.
2008, 32(2): 88-91. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/32/2/002
Abstract:
In the framework of the SU(3) simple group model, we consider the single top quark production process e－→νebt. We find that the correction effects on the process mainly come from the terms of the tree-level Wqq′couplings. In the reasonable parameter space of the SU(3) simple group model, the deviation of the total production cross section σtot from its SM value is larger than 5%, which might be detected in the future high energy linear e+e－ collider (LC) experiments.
In the framework of the SU(3) simple group model, we consider the single top quark production process e－→νebt. We find that the correction effects on the process mainly come from the terms of the tree-level Wqq′couplings. In the reasonable parameter space of the SU(3) simple group model, the deviation of the total production cross section σtot from its SM value is larger than 5%, which might be detected in the future high energy linear e+e－ collider (LC) experiments.
2008, 32(2): 92-95. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/32/2/003
Abstract:
The Landau problem in non-commutative quantum mechanics (NCQM) is studied. First by solving the Schrodinger equations on noncommutative (NC) space we obtain the Landau energy levels and the energy correction that is caused by space-space noncommutativity. Then we discuss the noncommutative phase space case, namely, space-space and momentum-momentum non-commutative case, and we get the explicit expression of the Hamiltonian as well as the corresponding eigenfunctions and eigenvalues.
The Landau problem in non-commutative quantum mechanics (NCQM) is studied. First by solving the Schrodinger equations on noncommutative (NC) space we obtain the Landau energy levels and the energy correction that is caused by space-space noncommutativity. Then we discuss the noncommutative phase space case, namely, space-space and momentum-momentum non-commutative case, and we get the explicit expression of the Hamiltonian as well as the corresponding eigenfunctions and eigenvalues.
2008, 32(2): 96-99. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/32/2/004
Abstract:
The observation of neutrino oscillations requires new physics beyond the standard model (SM). A SM-like gauge theory with p lepton families can be extended by introducing q heavy right-handed Majorana neutrinos but preserving its SU(2)L×U(1)Y gauge symmetry. The overall neutrino mass matrix M turns out to be a symmetric (p+q)×(p+q) matrix. Given p>q, the rank of $M$ is in general equal to 2q,corresponding to 2q non-zero mass eigenvalues. The existence of (p-q) massless left-handed Majorana neutrinos is an exact consequence of the model, independent of the usual approximation made in deriving the Type-I seesaw relation between the effective p×p light Majorana neutrino mass matrix Mν and the q×q heavy Majorana neutrino mass matrix MR. In other words, the numbers of massive left- and right-handed neutrinos are fairly matched. A good example to illustrate this "seesaw fair play rule" is the minimal seesaw model with p=3 and q=2, in which one massless neutrino sits on the unbalanced seesaw.
The observation of neutrino oscillations requires new physics beyond the standard model (SM). A SM-like gauge theory with p lepton families can be extended by introducing q heavy right-handed Majorana neutrinos but preserving its SU(2)L×U(1)Y gauge symmetry. The overall neutrino mass matrix M turns out to be a symmetric (p+q)×(p+q) matrix. Given p>q, the rank of $M$ is in general equal to 2q,corresponding to 2q non-zero mass eigenvalues. The existence of (p-q) massless left-handed Majorana neutrinos is an exact consequence of the model, independent of the usual approximation made in deriving the Type-I seesaw relation between the effective p×p light Majorana neutrino mass matrix Mν and the q×q heavy Majorana neutrino mass matrix MR. In other words, the numbers of massive left- and right-handed neutrinos are fairly matched. A good example to illustrate this "seesaw fair play rule" is the minimal seesaw model with p=3 and q=2, in which one massless neutrino sits on the unbalanced seesaw.
2008, 32(2): 100-103. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/32/2/005
Abstract:
In this paper tree-level violation of weak isospin parameter, ρ in the frame of the littlest Higgs model is studied. The potentially large deviation from the standard model prediction for the ρ in terms of the littlest Higgs model parameters is calculated. The maximum value for ρ for f=1TeV, c=0.05,c′= 0.05 and υ′= 1.5GeV is ρ=1.2973 which means a large enhancement than the SM.
In this paper tree-level violation of weak isospin parameter, ρ in the frame of the littlest Higgs model is studied. The potentially large deviation from the standard model prediction for the ρ in terms of the littlest Higgs model parameters is calculated. The maximum value for ρ for f=1TeV, c=0.05,c′= 0.05 and υ′= 1.5GeV is ρ=1.2973 which means a large enhancement than the SM.
2008, 32(2): 104-107. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/32/2/006
Abstract:
An extreme solar cosmic ray event broke out on 2005 January 20. Not only is it the most intensive solar energetic particle (SEP) event, with >100MeV particles measured by GOES satellite since 1986, but it has been the largest ground level enhancement (GLE) event recorded by the ground-based neutron monitors since 1956. This work presents the solar proton spectra for this event with data obtained by GOES in multiple energy channels. These spectra are well fitted by a modified power-law function. The spectral index of around －1 indicates that the January 20 event has a hard energy spectrum. Possible mechanisms for the acceleration of relativistic protons are discussed.
An extreme solar cosmic ray event broke out on 2005 January 20. Not only is it the most intensive solar energetic particle (SEP) event, with >100MeV particles measured by GOES satellite since 1986, but it has been the largest ground level enhancement (GLE) event recorded by the ground-based neutron monitors since 1956. This work presents the solar proton spectra for this event with data obtained by GOES in multiple energy channels. These spectra are well fitted by a modified power-law function. The spectral index of around －1 indicates that the January 20 event has a hard energy spectrum. Possible mechanisms for the acceleration of relativistic protons are discussed.
2008, 32(2): 108-111. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/32/2/007
Abstract:
Based on the p-f shell model, the effect of strong magnetic field on neutrino energy loss rates by electron capture is investigated. The calculations show that the magnetic field has only a slight effect on the neutrino energy loss rates in the range of 108—1013G on the surfaces of most neutron stars. But for some magnetars, the range of the magnetic field is 1013—1018G, and the neutrino energy loss rates are greatly reduced, even by more than four orders of magnitude due to the strong magnetic field.
Based on the p-f shell model, the effect of strong magnetic field on neutrino energy loss rates by electron capture is investigated. The calculations show that the magnetic field has only a slight effect on the neutrino energy loss rates in the range of 108—1013G on the surfaces of most neutron stars. But for some magnetars, the range of the magnetic field is 1013—1018G, and the neutrino energy loss rates are greatly reduced, even by more than four orders of magnitude due to the strong magnetic field.
2008, 32(2): 112-119. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/32/2/008
Abstract:
The experimental rotational spectra of the deformed nuclei available in even-even and odd-A nuclei in the rare-earth and actinide regions are systematically analyzed with several rotational spectra formulas, including Bohr-Mottelson's I(I+1)-expansion, Harris' ω2-expansion, ab and abc formulas. It is shown that the simple 2-parameter ab formula is much better than the widely used 2-parameter Bohr-Mottelson's AB formula and Harris'αβ formula. The available data of the rotational spectra of both ground-state band in even-even nuclei and one-quasiparticle band in odd-A nuclei can be conveniently and rather accurately reproduced by ab formula and abc formula. The moment of inertia and the variation with rotational frequency of angular momentum can be satisfactorily reproduced by ab and abc formulas.
The experimental rotational spectra of the deformed nuclei available in even-even and odd-A nuclei in the rare-earth and actinide regions are systematically analyzed with several rotational spectra formulas, including Bohr-Mottelson's I(I+1)-expansion, Harris' ω2-expansion, ab and abc formulas. It is shown that the simple 2-parameter ab formula is much better than the widely used 2-parameter Bohr-Mottelson's AB formula and Harris'αβ formula. The available data of the rotational spectra of both ground-state band in even-even nuclei and one-quasiparticle band in odd-A nuclei can be conveniently and rather accurately reproduced by ab formula and abc formula. The moment of inertia and the variation with rotational frequency of angular momentum can be satisfactorily reproduced by ab and abc formulas.
2008, 32(2): 120-125. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/32/2/009
Abstract:
We give the formulas of two-pion Hanbury-Brown-Twiss (HBT) correlation function for a partially coherent evolution pion-emitting source, using quantum probability amplitudes in a path-integral formalism. The multiple scattering of the particles in the source is taken into consideration based on Glauber scattering theory. Two-pion interferometry with effects of the multiple scattering and source collective expansion is examined for a partially coherent source of hadronic gas with a finite baryon density and evolving hydrodynamically. We do not find observable effect of either the multiple scattering or the source collective expansion on HBT chaotic parameter.
We give the formulas of two-pion Hanbury-Brown-Twiss (HBT) correlation function for a partially coherent evolution pion-emitting source, using quantum probability amplitudes in a path-integral formalism. The multiple scattering of the particles in the source is taken into consideration based on Glauber scattering theory. Two-pion interferometry with effects of the multiple scattering and source collective expansion is examined for a partially coherent source of hadronic gas with a finite baryon density and evolving hydrodynamically. We do not find observable effect of either the multiple scattering or the source collective expansion on HBT chaotic parameter.
2008, 32(2): 126-129. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/32/2/010
Abstract:
The calculation of Bayesian confidence upper limit for a Poisson variable including both signal and background with and without systematic uncertainties has been formulated. A Fortran 77 routine, BPULE, has been developed to implement the calculation. The routine can account for systematic uncertainties in the background expectation and signal efficiency. The systematic uncertainties may be separately parameterized by a Gaussian, Log-Gaussian or flat probability density function (pdf). Some technical details of BPULE have been discussed.
The calculation of Bayesian confidence upper limit for a Poisson variable including both signal and background with and without systematic uncertainties has been formulated. A Fortran 77 routine, BPULE, has been developed to implement the calculation. The routine can account for systematic uncertainties in the background expectation and signal efficiency. The systematic uncertainties may be separately parameterized by a Gaussian, Log-Gaussian or flat probability density function (pdf). Some technical details of BPULE have been discussed.
2008, 32(2): 130-134. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/32/2/011
Abstract:
In this work, we investigate the back-gate I-V characteristics for two kinds of NMOSFET/ SIMOX transistors with H gate structure fabricated on two different SOI wafers. A transistors are made on the wafer implanted with Si+ and then annealed in N2,and B transistors are made on the wafer without implantation and annealing. It is demonstrated experimentally that A transistors have much less back-gate threshold voltage shift ΔVth than B transistors under X-ray total dose irradiation. Subthreshold charge separation technique is employed to estimate the build-up of oxide charge and interface traps during irradiation, showing that the reduced ΔVth for A transistors is mainly due to its less build-up of oxide charge than B transistors. Photoluminescence (PL) research indicates that Si implantation results in the formation of silicon nanocrystalline (nanocluster) whose size increases with the implant dose. This structure can trap electrons to compensate the positive charge build-up in the buried oxide during irradiation, and thus reduce the threshold voltage negative shift.
In this work, we investigate the back-gate I-V characteristics for two kinds of NMOSFET/ SIMOX transistors with H gate structure fabricated on two different SOI wafers. A transistors are made on the wafer implanted with Si+ and then annealed in N2,and B transistors are made on the wafer without implantation and annealing. It is demonstrated experimentally that A transistors have much less back-gate threshold voltage shift ΔVth than B transistors under X-ray total dose irradiation. Subthreshold charge separation technique is employed to estimate the build-up of oxide charge and interface traps during irradiation, showing that the reduced ΔVth for A transistors is mainly due to its less build-up of oxide charge than B transistors. Photoluminescence (PL) research indicates that Si implantation results in the formation of silicon nanocrystalline (nanocluster) whose size increases with the implant dose. This structure can trap electrons to compensate the positive charge build-up in the buried oxide during irradiation, and thus reduce the threshold voltage negative shift.
2008, 32(2): 135-138. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/32/2/012
Abstract:
Large-sized CsI(Tl) single crystals, ～φ100mm×350mm, have been grown successfully, and this CsI(Tl) coupled with PD has been successfully utilized at RIBLL (the Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou) to measure the energy of heavy ions as a stopping detector. The performances of CsI(Tl) detector coupled with PD and APD have been tested and compared, including the temperature dependence of scintillating light yield.
Large-sized CsI(Tl) single crystals, ～φ100mm×350mm, have been grown successfully, and this CsI(Tl) coupled with PD has been successfully utilized at RIBLL (the Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou) to measure the energy of heavy ions as a stopping detector. The performances of CsI(Tl) detector coupled with PD and APD have been tested and compared, including the temperature dependence of scintillating light yield.
2008, 32(2): 139-145. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/32/2/013
Abstract:
The storage of long bunches for large time intervals needs flattened stationary buckets with a large bucket height. Collective effects from the space charge and resistive impedance are studied by looking at the incoherent particle motion for the matched and mismatched bunches. Increasing the RF amplitude with particle number provides r.m.s wise matching for modest intensities. The incoherent motion of large amplitude particles depends on the details of the RF system. The resulting debunching process is a combination of the too small full RF acceptance together with the mismatch, enhanced by the collective effects. Irregular single particle motion is not associated with the coherent dipole instability. For the stationary phase space distribution of the Hofmann-Pedersen approach and for the dual harmonic RF system, stability limits are presented, which are too low if using realistic input distributions. For single and dual harmonic RF system with d=0.31, the tracking results are shown for intensities, by a factor of 3 above the threshold values. Small resistive impedances lead to coherent oscillations around the equilibrium phase value, as energy loss by resistive impedance is compensated by the energy gain of the RF system.
The storage of long bunches for large time intervals needs flattened stationary buckets with a large bucket height. Collective effects from the space charge and resistive impedance are studied by looking at the incoherent particle motion for the matched and mismatched bunches. Increasing the RF amplitude with particle number provides r.m.s wise matching for modest intensities. The incoherent motion of large amplitude particles depends on the details of the RF system. The resulting debunching process is a combination of the too small full RF acceptance together with the mismatch, enhanced by the collective effects. Irregular single particle motion is not associated with the coherent dipole instability. For the stationary phase space distribution of the Hofmann-Pedersen approach and for the dual harmonic RF system, stability limits are presented, which are too low if using realistic input distributions. For single and dual harmonic RF system with d=0.31, the tracking results are shown for intensities, by a factor of 3 above the threshold values. Small resistive impedances lead to coherent oscillations around the equilibrium phase value, as energy loss by resistive impedance is compensated by the energy gain of the RF system.
2008, 32(2): 146-150. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/32/2/014
Abstract:
The DTL tank is a multi-cell cavity. In a fabricated tank,the measured average axial field E0 for each cell may obviously deviate from the designed value. It is generally thought the deviation is due to the errors in fabrication and assembly. But it is not always true. In this paper, it is shown that the deviation may already exist before fabrication in some cases. It is partly due to the imperfection of the current design procedures. A new design method is introduced to reduce the deviation in the design stage.
The DTL tank is a multi-cell cavity. In a fabricated tank,the measured average axial field E0 for each cell may obviously deviate from the designed value. It is generally thought the deviation is due to the errors in fabrication and assembly. But it is not always true. In this paper, it is shown that the deviation may already exist before fabrication in some cases. It is partly due to the imperfection of the current design procedures. A new design method is introduced to reduce the deviation in the design stage.
2008, 32(2): 151-155. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/32/2/015
Abstract:
Large grain niobium has the potential of simplifying the production sequence and consequently reducing the cost of the superconducting RF cavities for ILC. To investigate the feasibility of fabrication and the possibility to achieve high gradient by large grain cavities, two 1.3GHz cavities were made of China large grain niobium and a series of vertical tests were carried out following several different surfaces treatment procedures. Two cavities have both reached the high gradient of more than 43MV/m repeatedly and the maximum accelerating field of 47.9MV/m has been achieved by China large grain niobium. This paper introduces the features of the fabrication and surface treatments on the large grain cavities and presents the preliminary results of the research.
Large grain niobium has the potential of simplifying the production sequence and consequently reducing the cost of the superconducting RF cavities for ILC. To investigate the feasibility of fabrication and the possibility to achieve high gradient by large grain cavities, two 1.3GHz cavities were made of China large grain niobium and a series of vertical tests were carried out following several different surfaces treatment procedures. Two cavities have both reached the high gradient of more than 43MV/m repeatedly and the maximum accelerating field of 47.9MV/m has been achieved by China large grain niobium. This paper introduces the features of the fabrication and surface treatments on the large grain cavities and presents the preliminary results of the research.
2008, 32(2): 156-159. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/32/2/016
Abstract:
This paper describes the development and application of an intense slow positron beam at IHEP with regard to its two main components. The Variable-Energy Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy (VEPLS) based on the pulsing system consisting of a chopper, a prebuncher and a buncher has been constructed in order to meet the needs of materials science development. At present, the time resolution of the VEPLS can easily reach about 386ps with a peak-to-background ratio of about 600:1. A plugged-in 22Na positron source section for adjusting the newly built experimental station and for increasing the beam operation efficiency has been constructed. A slow positron beam with an intensity of 2.5×105e+/s and the beam profile whose diameter is 10mm has been obtained; the moderation efficiency of the tungsten mesh moderator reaches 5.1×10－4 as calculated with an original positron source activity of 52mCi.
This paper describes the development and application of an intense slow positron beam at IHEP with regard to its two main components. The Variable-Energy Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy (VEPLS) based on the pulsing system consisting of a chopper, a prebuncher and a buncher has been constructed in order to meet the needs of materials science development. At present, the time resolution of the VEPLS can easily reach about 386ps with a peak-to-background ratio of about 600:1. A plugged-in 22Na positron source section for adjusting the newly built experimental station and for increasing the beam operation efficiency has been constructed. A slow positron beam with an intensity of 2.5×105e+/s and the beam profile whose diameter is 10mm has been obtained; the moderation efficiency of the tungsten mesh moderator reaches 5.1×10－4 as calculated with an original positron source activity of 52mCi.
2008, 32(2): 160-164. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/32/2/017
Abstract:
We use Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the distributions of particles under adsorption force near planar and cylindrical surfaces, respectively. Both hard sphere interaction and repulsive Yukawa (screened coulomb) interaction are employed in our simulations. We study the influence of the inter-particle potentials. The difference between the MC simulation results and the analytical results of ideal gas model shows that the interaction between particles plays an important role in the density distribution under external fields. Moreover, the 2-dimensional constructions of particles close to the surface are studied and show relations of the interaction between particles. These results may indicate us how to improve the methods of building nanoparticle coatings and nano-scale patterns.
We use Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the distributions of particles under adsorption force near planar and cylindrical surfaces, respectively. Both hard sphere interaction and repulsive Yukawa (screened coulomb) interaction are employed in our simulations. We study the influence of the inter-particle potentials. The difference between the MC simulation results and the analytical results of ideal gas model shows that the interaction between particles plays an important role in the density distribution under external fields. Moreover, the 2-dimensional constructions of particles close to the surface are studied and show relations of the interaction between particles. These results may indicate us how to improve the methods of building nanoparticle coatings and nano-scale patterns.
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