• [1]

    J. R. Oppenheimer and H. Snyder, Phys. Rev. 56, 455 (1939)

  • [2]

    B. Datt, Zeitschrift für Physik 108, 314 (1938)

  • [3]

    R. Penrose, Phys. Rev. Lett. 14, 57 (1965)

  • [4]

    P. S. Joshi and S. Bhattacharyya, JCAP 01, 034 (2025)

  • [5]

    P. S. Joshi and D. Malafarina, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 20, 2641 (2011)

  • [6]

    R. Penrose, Rivista del Nuovo Cimento 1, 252 (1969)

  • [7]

    P. S. Joshi and I. H. Dwivedi, Phys. Rev. D 47, 5357 (1993)

  • [8]

    A. B. Joshi, D. Dey, P. S. Joshi et al., Phys. Rev. D 102, 024022 (2020), arXiv: 2004.06525[gr-qc]

  • [9]

    D. Dey, R. Shaikh, and P. S. Joshi, Phys. Rev. D 103, 024015 (2021), arXiv: 2009.07487[gr-qc]

  • [10]

    P. S. Joshi, D. Malafarina, and R. Narayan, Class. Quant. Grav. 28, 235018 (2011)

  • [11]

    D. Christodoulou, Commun. Math. Phys. 105, 337 (1986)

  • [12]

    P. S. Joshi, D. Malafarina, and R. Narayan, Class. Quant. Grav. 31, 015002 (2014)

  • [13]

    R. Goswami and P. S. Joshi, Class. Quant. Grav. 21, 3645 (2004)

  • [14]

    S. S. Deshingkar, S. Jhingan, and P. S. Joshi, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 30, 1477 (1998)

  • [15]

    A. Bidlan, D. Dey, and P. Bambhaniya, (2026), arXiv: 2601.07488[gr-qc]

  • [16]

    S. Jhingan and S. Kaushik, Phys. Rev. D 90, 024009 (2014)

  • [17]

    T. Hertog, G. T. Horowitz, and K. Maeda, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 131101 (2004), arXiv: gr-qc/0307102

  • [18]

    A. Bonanno, B. Koch, and A. Platania, Class. Quant. Grav. 34, 095012 (2017), arXiv: 1610.05299[gr-qc]

  • [19]

    A. Bonanno, B. Koch, and A. Platania, PoS CORFU2016, 058 (2017)

  • [20]

    M. Gutperle and P. Kraus, JHEP 04, 024 (2004), arXiv: hep-th/0402109

  • [21]

    D. Ayzenberg et al., Living Rev. Rel. 28, 4 (2025) [Erratum: Living Rev. Rel. 28, 7 (2025)], arXiv: 2312.02130 [astro-ph.HE]

  • [22]

    K. Akiyama et al. (Event Horizon Telescope), Astrophys. J. Lett. 875, L1 (2019), arXiv: 1906.11238[astro-ph.GA]

  • [23]

    K. Akiyama et al. (Event Horizon Telescope), Astrophys. J. Lett. 930, L12 (2019), arXiv: 2311.08680[astro-ph.HE]

  • [24]

    S. Vagnozzi et al., Class. Quant. Grav. 40, 165007 (2023), arXiv: 2205.07787[gr-qc]

  • [25]

    S. Saurabh, P. Bambhaniya, and P. S. Joshi, Astron. Astrophys. 682, A113 (2024), arXiv: 2308.14519[astro-ph.HE]

  • [26]

    G. Gyulchev, P. Nedkova, T. Vetsov et al., Phys. Rev. D 100, 024055 (2019)

  • [27]

    Saurabh, P. Bambhaniya, and P. S. Joshi, (2022), arXiv: 202.00588[gr-qc]

  • [28]

    P. Bambhaniya, D. Dey, A. B. Joshi et al., Phys. Rev. D 103, 084005 (2021)

  • [29]

    D. N. Solanki, P. Bambhaniya, D. Dey et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 77 (2022)

  • [30]

    P. Bambhaniya, Saurabh, and E. M. de Gouveia Dal Pino, Symmetry 17, 1384 (2025), arXiv: 2509.06244[gr-qc]

  • [31]

    P. Bambhaniya, S. K, K. Jusufi, and P. S. Joshi, Phys. Rev. D 105, 023021 (2022), arXiv: 2109.15054[gr-qc]

  • [32]

    P. H. Puttasiddappa, D. C. Rodrigues, and D. F. Mota, Eur. Phys. J. C 85, 974 (2025), arXiv: 2505.23204[gr-qc]

  • [33]

    N. Ortiz, O. Sarbach, and T. Zannias, Phys. Rev. D 92, 044035 (2015), arXiv: 1505.07017[gr-qc]

  • [34]

    V. Kalsariya, P. Bambhaniya, and P. S. Joshi, Phys. Rev. D 110, 104026 (2024), arXiv: 2405.01835[gr-qc]

  • [35]

    S. Madan and P. Bambhaniya, Chin. Phys. C 48, 115108 (2024)

  • [36]

    P. Bambhaniya, P. Dalal, G. H. Vicentin et al., (2026), arXiv: 2602.18994[gr-qc]

  • [37]

    P. Bambhaniya, O. Trivedi, I. Dymnikova et al., Phys. Dark Univ. 46, 101553 (2024)

  • [38]

    V. Vertogradov, M. Misyura, and P. Bambhaniya, Eur. Phys. J. Plus 140, 23 (2025), arXiv: 2403.16743[gr-qc]

  • [39]

    P. Bambhaniya, V. Kalsariya, Saurabh, E. M. de Gouveia Dal Pino et al., Phys. Dark Univ. 49, 102036 (2025), arXiv: 2506.06583[gr-qc]

  • [40]

    D. Arora, P. Bambhaniya, D. Dey et al., Phys. Dark Univ. 44, 101487 (2024), arXiv: 2305.08082[gr-qc]

  • [41]

    V. Patel, K. Acharya, P. Bambhaniya et al., Universe 8, 571 (2022), arXiv: 2206.00428[gr-qc]

  • [42]

    A. B. Joshi, P. Bambhaniya, D. Dey et al., (2019), arXiv: 1909.08873[gr-qc]

  • [43]

    A. I. Janis, E. T. Newman, and J. Winicour, Phys. Rev. Lett. 20, 878 (1968)

  • [44]

    K. S. Virbhadra, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 12, 4831 (1997), arXiv: gr-qc/9701021[gr-qc]

  • [45]

    P. Bambhaniya, J. V. Trivedi, D. Dey et al., Phys. Dark Univ. 40, 101215 (2023)

  • [46]

    P. Bambhaniya, A. B. Joshi, D. Dey et al., Phys. Rev. D 100, 124020 (2019)

  • [47]

    P. Bambhaniya, D. N. Solanki, D. Dey et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 205 (2021)

  • [48]

    P. Bambhaniya, A. B. Joshi, D. Dey et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 124 (2024)

  • [49]

    P. Bambhaniya, M. J. Vyas, P. S. Joshi et al., Phys. Dark Univ. 48, 101949 (2025), arXiv: 2501.11232[gr-qc]

  • [50]

    K. Acharya, P. Bambhaniya, P. S. Joshi et al., Phys. Dark Univ. 50, 102101 (2025), arXiv: 2303.16590[gr-qc]

  • [51]

    V. Patel, K. Acharya, P. Bambhaniya et al., Phys. Rev. D 107, 064036 (2023), arXiv: 2301.11052[gr-qc]

  • [52]

    E. M. d. Gouveia Dal Pino, P. P. Piovezan, and L. H. S. Kadowaki, Astron. Astrophys. 518, A5 (2010), arXiv: 1005.3067[astro-ph.HE]

  • [53]

    C. B. Singh, E. M. de Gouveia Dal Pino, and L. H. S. Kadowaki, Astrophys. J. Lett. 799, L20 (2015)

  • [54]

    M. Patil and P. S. Joshi, Phys. Rev. D 82, 104049 (2010), arXiv: 1011.5550[gr-qc]

  • [55]

    M. Patil and P. S. Joshi, Phys. Rev. D 85, 104014 (2012), arXiv: 1112.2525[gr-qc]

  • [56]

    M. Patil and P. S. Joshi, Class. Quant. Grav. 28, 235012 (2011), arXiv: 1103.1082[gr-qc]

  • [57]

    R. M. Wald, General Relativity (Chicago Univ. Pr., Chicago, USA, 1984)

  • [58]

    S. W. Hawking and G. F. R. Ellis, The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time, Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics (Cambridge University Press, 2023).

  • [59]

    R. Shaikh, P. Kocherlakota, R. Narayan et al., Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 482, 52 (2019), arXiv: 1802.08060[astro-ph.HE]

  • [60]

    A. E. Broderick and K. Salehi, Astrophys. J. 977, 249 (2024), arXiv: 2406.05181[astro-ph.HE]

  • [61]

    F. J. Tipler, Phys. Lett. A 64, 8 (1977)

  • [62]

    C. Clarke and A. Królak, J. Geom. Phys. 2, 127 (1985)

  • [63]

    S. Paul, Phys. Rev. D 102, 064045 (2020), arXiv: 2007.05509[gr-qc]

  • [64]

    K. S. Virbhadra and G. F. R. Ellis, Phys. Rev. D 65, 103004 (2002)