• [1]

    R. Boussarie, M. Burkardt, M. Constantinou et al., arXiv: 2304.03302[hep-ph]

  • [2]

    J. C. Collins and D. E. Soper, Nucl. Phys. B 193, 381 (1981) [Erratum: Nucl. Phys. B 213, 545 (1983)]

  • [3]

    J. C. Collins and D. E. Soper, Nucl. Phys. B 197, 446 (1982)

  • [4]

    J. Collins, Camb. Monogr. Part. Phys. Nucl. Phys. Cosmol. 32, 1-624 (2011) (Cambridge University Press, 2011)

  • [5]

    X. Ji, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 262002 (2013), arXiv: 1305.1539[hep-ph]

  • [6]

    X. Ji, Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 57, 1407 (2014), arXiv: 1404.6680[hep-ph]

  • [7]

    X. Ji, Y. S. Liu, Y. Liu et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(3), 035005 (2021), arXiv: 2004.03543[hep-ph]

  • [8]

    M. A. Ebert, I. W. Stewart, and Y. Zhao, Phys. Rev. D 99(3), 034505 (2019), arXiv: 1811.00026[hep-ph]

  • [9]

    P. Shanahan, M. Wagman, and Y. Zhao, Phys. Rev. D 102(1), 014511 (2020), arXiv: 2003.06063[hep-lat]

  • [10]

    Q. A. Zhang et al. (Lattice Parton Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 125(19), 192001 (2020), arXiv: 2005.14572[hep-lat]

  • [11]

    M. Schlemmer, A. Vladimirov, C. Zimmermann et al., JHEP 08, 004 (2021), arXiv: 2103.16991[hep-lat]

  • [12]

    P. Shanahan, M. Wagman, and Y. Zhao, Phys. Rev. D 104(11), 114502 (2021), arXiv: 2107.11930[hep-lat]

  • [13]

    Y. Li, S. C. Xia, C. Alexandrou et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 128(6), 062002 (2022), arXiv: 2106.13027[hep-lat]

  • [14]

    M. H. Chu et al. (Lattice Parton Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 106(3), 034509 (2022), arXiv: 2204.00200[hep-lat]

  • [15]

    M. H. Chu et al. (Lattice Parton (LPC)), JHEP 08, 172 (2023), arXiv: 2306.06488[hep-lat]

  • [16]

    H. T. Shu, M. Schlemmer, T. Sizmann et al., Phys. Rev. D 108(7), 074519 (2023), arXiv: 2302.06502[hep-lat]

  • [17]

    A. Avkhadiev, P. E. Shanahan, M. L. Wagman et al., Phys. Rev. D 108(11), 114505 (2023), arXiv: 2307.12359[hep-lat]

  • [18]

    W. Y. Liu, I. Zahed, and Y. Zhao, Phys. Rev. D 111(7), 7 (2025), arXiv: 2501.00678[hep-ph]

  • [19]

    A. Avkhadiev, P. E. Shanahan, M. L. Wagman et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 132(23), 231901 (2024), arXiv: 2402.06725[hep-lat]

  • [20]

    C. Alexandrou, S. Bacchio, K. Cichy et al., Phys. Rev. D 113(7), 074506 (2026), arXiv: 2509.26316[hep-lat]

  • [21]

    J. X. Tan, Z. C. Gong, J. Hua, X. Ji, X. Jiang, H. Liu, A. Schäfer, Y. Su, H. Z. Wang and W. Wang, et al., Phys. Rev. D 113(5), 054505 (2026), arXiv: 2511.22547[hep-lat]

  • [22]

    T. Miao, J. Dai, J. Liu et al., arXiv: 2512.19799[cs.AI]

  • [23]

    X. Ji, Research 8, 0695 (2025), arXiv: 2209.09332[hep-lat]

  • [24]

    X. Ji, Y. Liu, and Y. S. Liu, Phys. Lett. B 811, 135946 (2020), arXiv: 1911.03840[hep-ph]

  • [25]

    X. Ji and Y. Liu, Phys. Rev. D 105(7), 076014 (2022), arXiv: 2106.05310[hep-ph]

  • [26]

    J. C. He et al. (Lattice Parton Collaboration (LPC)), Phys. Rev. D 109(11), 114513 (2024), arXiv: 2211.02340[hep-lat]

  • [27]

    L. Walter et al. (Lattice Parton Collaboration (LPC)), Phys. Rev. D 111(9), 094507 (2025), arXiv: 2412.19988[hep-lat]

  • [28]

    L. Ma et al. (Lattice Parton Collaboration (LPC)), JHEP 08, 086 (2025), arXiv: 2502.11807[hep-lat]

  • [29]

    Y. Li and H. X. Zhu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118(2), 022004 (2017), arXiv: 1604.01404[hep-ph]

  • [30]

    S. Moch, B. Ruijl, T. Ueda et al., JHEP 10, 041 (2017), arXiv: 1707.08315[hep-ph]

  • [31]

    A. A. Vladimirov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118(6), 062001 (2017), arXiv: 1610.05791[hep-ph]

  • [32]

    I. Moult, H. X. Zhu, and Y. J. Zhu, JHEP 08, 280 (2022), arXiv: 2205.02249[hep-ph]

  • [33]

    C. Duhr, B. Mistlberger, and G. Vita, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129(16), 162001 (2022), arXiv: 2205.02242[hep-ph]

  • [34]

    X. Ji, Y. Liu, A. Schäfer, W. Wang et al., Nucl. Phys. B 964, 115311 (2021), arXiv: 2008.03886[hep-ph]

  • [35]

    Z. Liu, Y. Cai, X. Zhu et al., (2025), arXiv: 2506.16499[cs.AI]