Systematic study of proton radioactivity half-lives based on the relationship between Skyrme-Hartree-Fock and the macroscopic quantities of nuclear matter

  • In this study, we systematically investigate the proton radioactivity half-lives of 33 spherical nuclei based on the relationship between Skyrme parameters and the macroscopic quantities of nuclear matter. Using the two-potential approach with the spherical Skyrme-Hartree-Fock model, the correlation between proton radioactivity half-life and the macroscopic quantities is analyzed. Moreover, we obtain a new Skyrme parameter set by fitting the two most weighted macroscopic quantities. Compared with the Skyrme parameters MSL0 and the theoretical model of proton radioactivity UDLP, the theoretical proton radioactivity half-life calculated using the new Skyrme parameter set can better reproduce the experimental data.
  • Proton radioactivity is a typical decay mode for odd-Z emitters beyond the proton drip line and is the only decay mode for some intermediate-mass nuclei [1]. Since its discovery in 1970 [2], proton radioactivity has become a powerful tool for studying the nature and structure of proton-rich nuclei because it can provide information on shell structure, bound and unbound nuclear states, etc. [3]. In addition, the proton radioactivity energy and orbital angular momentum carried by the emitted proton have a significant effect on the half-life of proton radioactivity [4]. Therefore, proton radioactivity studies help to determine the orbital angular momentum carried by the emitted proton and characterize its wave function within the nucleus [59].

    To date, there have been many methods and models used to study the proton radioactivity half-life, which can be classified into two categories [10]. The first involves quantum mechanical tunneling through the nuclear mean-field of single-particle resonances [1114]. Typical methods and models include the non-relativistic Hartree-Fock (HF) calculation using effective phenomenological interactions and covariant density functional theory (CDFT) in the relativistic mean-field (RMF) form [14, 15]. The second involves the calculation of the probability of proton penetration into the potential barrier via the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation [16, 17], such as the two-potential approach (TPA) [18], single-folding model (SFM) [19, 20], and Coulomb potential and proximity potential model (CPPM) [21, 22]. In the study of proton radioactivity, the nuclear potential between the emitted proton and daughter nucleus usually determines the accuracy of the model and calculations. In our previous study on the proton radioactivity half-life, we successfully described the nuclear potential of the emitted proton-daughter nucleus using the Skyrme-Hartree-Fock (SHF) microscopic model [23, 24]. Furthermore, we compared 115 sets of Skyrme interaction parameters constructed for different purposes and found that the most suitable Skyrme parameter for describing the proton radioactivity half-life is SLY7. The construction of Skyrme interaction parameters is undertaken mainly to reasonably describe the ground state properties of nuclei on the periodic table of elements and the saturation properties of symmetric nuclear matter (SNM) rather than to describe the proton radioactivity process of the nucleus. Therefore, all works using SHF to study proton radioactivity may require a set of Skyrme parameters specifically for proton radioactivity calculations instead of the existing Skyrme parameters. In this study, based on the relationship between the Skyrme parameter and the amount of macroscopic nuclear matter, we use the two-potential approach with SHF (TPA-SHF) to study the sensitivity of the proton radioactivity half-life to the amount of macroscopic nuclear matter [25]. Moreover, we present a set of Skyrme parameters for the study of proton radioactivity based on the constraints on the macroscopic quantities of nuclear matter.

    This paper is organized as follows: In Sec. II, the theoretical framework for the proton radioactivity half-life is described in detail. In Sec. III, detailed calculations, discussion, and predictions are provided. Finally, a brief summary is given in Sec. IV.

    The proton radioactivity half-life T12 can be express-ed using the decay width Γ as follows:

    T12=ln2Γ.

    (1)

    In the framework of the TPA [18], Γ depends on the formation probability of the proton radioactivity Sp, the normalized factor F, and the penetration probability of the emitted proton crossing the barrier P. It is given by

    Γ=2SpFP4μ,

    (2)

    where is the reduced Planck constant, and μ=MdMp(Md+Mp) is the reduced mass, with Mp and Md as the masses of the emitted proton and daughter nuclei, respectively.

    In the classical WKB approximation, the penetration probability P and normalized factor F are given by

    P=exp[2r3r2k(r)dr],

    (3)

    Fr2r112k(r)dr=1.

    (4)

    Here, r1, r2, and r3 represent the classical turning points, which satisfy the conditions V(r1)=V(r2)=V(r3)=Qp. k(r) is the wave number, which can be written as

    k(r)=2μ2|QpV(r)|,

    (5)

    where Qp is the proton radioactivity energy. The total potential V(r) is given by

    V(r)=VN(r)+VC(r)+Vl(r),

    (6)

    where VN(r), VC(r), and Vl(r) represent the nuclear, Coulomb, and centrifugal potentials, respectively. For the centrifugal potential Vl(r), l(l+1)(l+1/2)2 is an essential correction [26]. In this study, the centrifugal potential Vl(r) is chosen to be in the Langer-modified form, which can be written as

    Vl(r)=2(l+12)22μr2,

    (7)

    where l is the orbital angular momentum taken by the emitted proton [27]. This can be obtained by the parity and angular momentum conservation laws. The Coulomb potential VC(r) is taken as the potential of a uniformly charged sphere connected to the sharp radius R=1.28A1/30.76+0.8A1/3, where A is the mass number of the parent nucleus [28]. It can be expressed as

     VC(r)={ZpZde22R[3(rR)2],r<R,ZpZde2r,r>R,

    (8)

    where Zp and Zd are the proton numbers of the emitted proton and daughter nuclei, respectively.

    The emitted proton–daughter nucleus nuclear potential VN(r)=Uq(ρ,ρp,p) is calculated using SHF. The nuclear effective interactions with zero-range, momentum, and density dependent forms is given by [15]

    VSkyrme12(r1,r2)=t0(1+x0Pσ)δ(r)+12t1(1+x1Pσ)[P2δ(r)+δ(r)P2]+t2(1+x2Pσ)Pδ(r)P+16t3(1+x3Pσ)[ρ(R)]αδ(r)

    +iW0σ[P×δ(r)P],

    (9)

    where r=r1r2, R=(r1+r2)/2, ri (i = 1, 2) is the coordinate vector of the i-th nucleon, Pσ is the spin exchange operator, P and P are the relative momentum operators acting on the left and right, respectively, t0, t1, t2, t3, x0, x1, x2, x3, W0, and α are the Skyrme parameters.

    In local density approximation, the single-nucleon potential from the SHF model can be expressed as [29]

    Uq(ρ,ρq,p)=ap2+b,

    (10)

    where p is the momentum of the nucleon. The coefficient a and b are given by

    a=18[t1(x1+2)+t2(x2+2)]ρ+18[t1(2x1+1)+t2(2x2+1)]ρq,

    (11)

    b=18[t1(x1+2)+t2(x2+2)]k5f,n+k5f,p5π2+18[t2(2x2+1)t1(2x1+1)]k5f,q5π2+12t0(x0+2)ρ12t0(2x0+1)ρq+124t3(x3+2)(α+2)ρ(α+1)124t3(2x3+1)αρ(α1)(ρ2n+ρ2p)112t3(2x3+1)ραρq,

    (12)

    where kf,q=(3πρq)1/3 is the Fermi momentum of the nucleon, ρq is the proton (neutron) density with q=p(n), and ρ=ρp+ρn represents the total nucleon density.

    The total energy E of a nucleon in a nuclear medium can be written as

    E=Uq(ρ,ρq,p)+p22m=p22m+b,

    (13)

    where m denotes the effective mass defined by

    12m=12m+a.

    (14)

    We assume that the total energy of the emitted protons remains constant during proton radioactivity. |p| can be derived from the total energy, nucleon density, and isospin asymmetry and is given by

    |p|=2m(Eb).

    (15)

    The potential energy Uq(ρ,ρp,p)=Ep22m.

    By comparing the expressions in the SHF with the corresponding expressions in the modified Skyrme-like (MSL) model [30], the nine parameters σ, β, γ, C, D, y, Elocsym(ρ0), the gradient Gs, and the symmetry-gradient coefficient Gv in the MSL model can be related to the nine Skyrme interaction parameters via the following analytic relations [25]:

    t0=4σ/3ρ0,

    (16)

    t1=20C/(9ρ0(k0F)2)+8Gs/3,

    (17)

    t2=4(25C18D)9ρ0(k0F)28(Gs+2Gv)3,

    (18)

    t3=16β/(ργ0(γ+1)),

    (19)

    x0=3(y1)Elocsym(ρ0)/σ1/2,

    (20)

    x1=12Gv4Gs6D/(ρ0(k0F)2)3t1,

    (21)

    x2=20Gv+4Gs5(16C18D)/(3ρ0(k0F)2)3t2,

    (22)

    x3=3y(γ+1)Elocsym(ρ0)/(2β)1/2,

    (23)

    α=γ1,

    (24)

    with k0F=(1.5π2ρ0)1/3. The seven parameters σ, β, γ, C, D, y, and Elocsym(ρ0) in the MSL model can be expressed analytically in terms of the seven macroscopic quantities, that is, the normal density ρ0, the equation of state at ρ0 E0 (ρ0), the incompressibility K0, the isoscalar effective mass ms,0, the isovector effective mass mv,0, the nuclear symmetry energy at ρ0 Esym (ρ0), and the extracted density slope L [30]. The nine Skyrme interaction parameters t0, t1, t2, t3, x0, x1, x2, x3, and α can also be expressed analytically in terms of the nine macroscopic quantities ρ0, E0(ρ0), K0, ms,0, mv,0, Esym(ρ0), L, GS, and GV via the above relations.

    The aim of this study is to investigate the proton radioactivity half-life based on the relationship between macroscopic quantities and Skyrme parameters [25]. To study the sensitivity of proton radioactivity to macroscopic quantities [25], we adopt the set of Skyrme parameters MSL0 obtained using the empirical values of the macroscopic quantities to ensure that the adjustment of the macroscopic quantities is not out of line with the actual values. The macroscopic quantities and corresponding Skyrme parameters are listed in Table 1. G0(ρ0) is the Landau parameter, whose value can vary from approximately 0 to 1.6, depending on the method and model [3133]. In this study, experimental data on spin, parity, the proton radioactivity energy Qp, and the proton radioactivity half-lives are taken from the latest evaluated nuclear property table NUBASE2020 [34] and the latest evaluated atomic mass table AME2020 [35, 36], except for those of 140Ho, 144Tm, 151Lu, 159Re, and 164Ir, which are taken from Ref. [37]. The standard deviation Δ indicates the divergence between experimental data and the the proton radioactivity half-lives calculated using TPA-SHF, which can be expressed as Δ=(lgTexp1/2(s)lgTcal1/2(s))2/n.

    Table 1

    Table 1.  Macroscopic quantities and corresponding Skyrme parameters in MSL0.
    QuantityMSL0QuantityMSL0
    ρ00.16 fm3t0−2118.06 MeV fm5
    E0(ρ0)−16 MeVt1395.196 MeV fm5
    K0230 MeVt2−63.953 MeV fm5
    ms,0/m0.8t312857.7 MeV fm3+3α
    mv,0/m0.7x0−0.0709496
    Esym(ρ0)30 MeVx1−0.332282
    L60 MeVx21.35830
    GS132 MeV fm5x3−0.0228181
    GV5 MeV fm5α0.235879
    G0(ρ0)0.42W0133.3 MeV fm5
    DownLoad: CSV
    Show Table

    Using the MSL0 parameter set, we systematically calculate the proton radioactivity half-lives of 69Z81 nuclei with Sp=1 [24]. The detailed results are plotted in Fig. 1. The blue circles and red triangles represent the logarithmic forms of the experimental data and the logarithmic forms of the calculated proton radioactivity half-life, respectively. As shown in Fig. 1, the proton radioactivity half-lives vary over a wide range from 106 s to 102 s. Although the proton radioactivity half-life variation is up to eight orders of magnitude, the theoretical points follow the experimental points well, almost coinciding with each other. Furthermore, we obtain the standard deviation Δ between the experimental data and the calculated proton radioactivity half-life as equal to 0.405, which means that the theoretical proton radioactivity half-lives calculated using TAP-SHF with MSL0 (TPA-SHF-MSL0) can reproduce the experimental data well.

    Figure 1

    Figure 1.  (color online) Comparison of experimental proton radioactivity half-lives and theoretical proton radioactivity half-lives calculated using TPA-SHF-MSL0 (69Z81).

    To clearly reveal the dependence of the theoretical proton radioactivity half-lives on each macroscopic quantity, we vary one aspect at a time while keeping all other macroscopic quantities at their default values in MSL0. In this study, the variation in each macroscopic quantity is controlled within the experimentally obtained values to ensure that the dependencies we obtain are meaningful. To intuitively reflect the relationship between the theoretical proton radioactivity half-life change and the evolution of each macroscopic quantity, we plot the standard deviations between experimental data and the calculated proton radioactivity half-lives corresponding to the change in each macroscopic quantity in Fig. 2. From this figure, we can clearly see that the variety of different macroscopic quantities causes different effects on the standard deviations between experimental data and the calculated proton radioactivity half-lives. The standard deviation exhibits a robust correlation with ρ0 and a relatively weak correlation with GS. For the other seven macroscopic quantities, their changes have little effect on the standard deviations between experimental data and the calculated proton radioactivity half-lives. The discovery of this relationship means that we can constrain the Skyrme parameters using two macroscopic quantities that significantly affect the standard deviation, which have a higher weight in the standard deviation calculation. Thus, a new set of Skyrme parameters suitable for calculating the proton radioactivity half-life is obtained with as few adjustable parameters as possible. Similarly, such a relationship, in turn, limits the range of these two macroscopic parameters. This means that the actual value of ρ0 is approximately 0.156 fm3, and the real value of GS is approximately 187 MeV fm5.

    Figure 2

    Figure 2.  (color online) Standard deviations Δ between experimental data and theoretical proton radioactivity half-lives calculated by individually varying ρ0, E0(ρ0), K0, ms,0, mv,0, Esym(ρ0), L, GS, and GV.

    In this study, a new Skyrme parameter MQSP is given by fitting the two highest weight macroscopic quantities, ρ0 and GS. The detailed results are listed in Table 2. The new theoretical value of the proton radioactivity half-life can be calculated using TAP-SHF with MQSP (TPA-SHF-MQSP). To verify the accuracy of our new Skyrme parameters in calculating the proton radioactivity half-life, the universal decay law for proton radioactivity (UDLP) is chosen as a comparison. The UDLP is given by Qi et al. [38], which is an extension of the universal decay law (UDL) [39, 40]. In the UDLP, the logarithm of proton radioactivity half-life can be expressed as

    Table 2

    Table 2.  Macroscopic quantities and corresponding Skyrme parameters obtained using MQSP.
    QuantityMQSPQuantityMQSP
    ρ00.155 fm3t0−2134.31 MeV fm5
    E0(ρ0)−16 MeVt1529.92 MeV fm5
    K0230 MeVt2−187.13 MeV fm5
    ms,0/m0.8t313130.28 MeV fm3+3α
    mv,0/m0.7x0−0.0561957
    Esym(ρ0)30 MeVx1−0.3721052
    L60 MeVx20.159008
    GS182 MeV fm5x3−0.21680
    GV5 MeV fm5α0.24205
    G0(ρ0)0.42W0133.3 MeV fm5
    DownLoad: CSV
    Show Table

    log10T12=aχ+bρ+c+dl(l+1),

    (25)

    where χ=ZpZdμQp, and ρ=μZpZd(Ad13+Ap13). Here, the parameters a=0.386,b=0.502, c=17.8, and d= 2.386 are determined by fitting to the experimental data of proton radioactivity taken from Ref. [38]. As a comparison, we use TPA-SHF-MSL0, TPA-SHF-MQSP, and the UDLP to calculate the proton radioactivity half-life, and the results are listed in Table 3. In this table, columns one to four represent the parent nuclei, the orbital angular momentum l taken by the emitted proton, the proton radioactivity energy Qp, and the logarithmic form of the experimental proton radioactivity half-lives, respectively. The following three columns represent the logarithmic forms of the theoretical proton radioactivity half-lives calculated using TPA-SHF with the Skyrme effective interaction of MSL0 (TPA-SHF-MSL0), TPA-SHF with the Skyrme effective interaction of MQSP (TPA-SHF-MQSP), and the UDLP, denoted as MSL0, MQSP, and UDLP, respectively. From this table, we can clearly see that the theoretical proton radioactivity half-lives calculated using TPA-SHF-MQSP can reproduce the experimental data well.

    Table 3

    Table 3.  Calculation of the spherical proton radioactivity half-lives. Measured, lgTMSL01/2, lgTMQSP1/2, and lgTUDLP1/2 are the logarithmic forms of the experimental proton radioactivity half-life and the calculations using STPA-SHF-MSL0, TPA-SHF-MQSP, and the UDLP.
    NucleuslQp/MeVMeasuredlgTMSL01/2/slgTMQSP1/2/slgTUDLP1/2/s
    144Tm51.725−5.569−5.243−5.42−4.691
    145Tm51.736−5.499−5.339−5.496−4.767
    146Tmm51.206−1.137−0.788−0.958−0.814
    146Tm00.896−0.81−0.583−0.746−0.482
    147Tm51.0590.5871.0630.8490.772
    147Tmm21.12−3.444−2.89−3.207−2.713
    150Lum21.29−4.398−4.341−4.52−3.91
    150Lu51.27−1.347−0.954−1.116−0.988
    151Lum21.301−4.796−4.473−4.647−4.025
    151Lu51.255−0.896−0.81−0.98−0.863
    155Ta51.453−2.495−2.248−2.39−2.17
    156Ta21.02−0.826−0.401−0.498−0.417
    156Tam51.110.9331.5221.3611.129
    157Ta00.935−0.5270.137−0.0050.123
    159Rem51.801−4.665−4.531−4.706−4.181
    159Re51.816−4.678−4.62−4.806−4.268
    160Re01.267−3.163−3.778−3.942−3.408
    161Rem51.317−0.678−0.455−0.633−0.611
    161Re01.197−3.306−2.992−3.126−2.689
    164Ir51.844−3.959−4.418−4.594−4.114
    165Irm51.711−3.433−3.496−3.68−3.306
    166Ir21.152−0.824−1.034−1.169−1.014
    166Irm51.332−0.076−0.118−0.283−0.335
    167Ir01.07−1.12−0.682−0.804−0.645
    167Irm51.2450.8420.8550.6880.523
    170Au21.472−3.487−3.891−4.186−3.716
    170Aum51.752−3.975−3.394−3.569−3.234
    171Aum51.702−2.587−3.037−3.205−2.915
    171Au01.448−4.652−4.578−4.728−4.157
    176Tl01.265−2.208−2.041−2.162−1.919
    177Tlm51.963−3.346−4.473−4.27−4.206
    177Tl01.172−1.178−0.836−0.982−0.863
    DownLoad: CSV
    Show Table

    To intuitively compare TPA-SHF-MSL0, TPA-SHF-MQSP, and UDLP with experimental data, the logarithmic deviations between the experimental data of the proton radioactivity half-lives and the calculated values are shown in Fig. 3. In this figure, the X-axis represents the mass number of the proton radioactivity parent nucleus, and the Y-axis represents the logarithmic deviations. The three different colors and symbols refer to the calculations obtained using three different models. From Fig. 3, we can clearly see that the values of lg(Tcal1/2Texp1/2) obtained using TPA-SHF-MQSP are mainly near zero, indicating that the theoretical half-life of proton radioactivity calculated using our model is in good agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, this figure shows that the calculations using TPA-SHF-MQSP can better reproduce the experimental data than TPA-SHF-MSL0 and UDLP for most nuclei. To intuitively compare the deviations between the half-lives of proton radioactivity obtained using different models and experimental data, we calculate the standard deviation. ΔMSL0= 0.405, ΔMQSP= 0.362, and ΔUDLP= 0.459 represent the standard deviations between lgTMSL01/2, lgTMQSP1/2, lgTUDLP1/2, and the values of lgTexp1/2, respectively. These results show that the TPA-SHF-MQSP method is better than the other models in calculating the spherical proton radioactivity half-lives. Therefore, it is credible to use TPA-SHF-MQSP to study the proton radioactivity half-lives.

    Figure 3

    Figure 3.  (color online) Deviations between lgTcal1/2 and lgTexp1/2. The black squares, red circles, and blue triangles represent the calculation results obtained using TPA-SHF-MSL0, TPA-SHF-MQSP, and UDLP, respectively.

    In summary, we systematically study the proton radioactivity half-life of 33 spherical nuclei by investigating the relationship between Skyrme parameters and the macroscopic quantities of nuclear matter. The calculated results indicate that the proton radioactivity half-lives and ρ0 show a robust correlation, whereas the correlation with GS is relatively weak. For the other seven macroscopic quantities, their variations have little effect on the evolution of the standard deviations between experimental data and the calculated proton radioactivity half-lives. This effectively constrains the ranges of ρ0 and GS. Moreover, we obtain new Skyrme parameters, MQSP, by fitting ρ0 and GS, the two most weighted macroscopic quantities. Compared with the Skyrme parameters MSL0 and UDLP, the theoretical proton radioactivity half-life calculated using the Skyrme parameters MQSP can better reproduce the experimental data. This study can be used as a reference for future research on proton radioactivity.

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1. Cheng, J., Wang, B., Zhang, W. et al. Study α decay and proton emission based on data-driven symbolic regression[J]. Computer Physics Communications, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.cpc.2024.109317
2. Xiao, Q., Cheng, J.-H., Wang, B.-L. et al. Half-lives for proton emission and α decay within the deformed Gamow-like model[J]. Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, 2023, 50(8): 085102. doi: 10.1088/1361-6471/acdfeb

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Jun-Hao Cheng, Zhen Zhang, Xi-Jun Wu, Peng-Cheng Chu and Xiao-Hua Li. Systematic study of proton radioactivity half-lives based on the relationship between the Skyrme-Hartree-Fock and the macroscopic quantities of nuclear matter[J]. Chinese Physics C. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ac7a99
Jun-Hao Cheng, Zhen Zhang, Xi-Jun Wu, Peng-Cheng Chu and Xiao-Hua Li. Systematic study of proton radioactivity half-lives based on the relationship between the Skyrme-Hartree-Fock and the macroscopic quantities of nuclear matter[J]. Chinese Physics C.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ac7a99 shu
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Systematic study of proton radioactivity half-lives based on the relationship between Skyrme-Hartree-Fock and the macroscopic quantities of nuclear matter

  • 1. School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
  • 2. Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 3. School of Math and Physics, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
  • 4. School of Science, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao 266000, China
  • 5. Cooperative Innovation Center for Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology & Equipment, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
  • 6. Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China

Abstract: In this study, we systematically investigate the proton radioactivity half-lives of 33 spherical nuclei based on the relationship between Skyrme parameters and the macroscopic quantities of nuclear matter. Using the two-potential approach with the spherical Skyrme-Hartree-Fock model, the correlation between proton radioactivity half-life and the macroscopic quantities is analyzed. Moreover, we obtain a new Skyrme parameter set by fitting the two most weighted macroscopic quantities. Compared with the Skyrme parameters MSL0 and the theoretical model of proton radioactivity UDLP, the theoretical proton radioactivity half-life calculated using the new Skyrme parameter set can better reproduce the experimental data.

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    I.   INTRODUCTION
    • Proton radioactivity is a typical decay mode for odd-Z emitters beyond the proton drip line and is the only decay mode for some intermediate-mass nuclei [1]. Since its discovery in 1970 [2], proton radioactivity has become a powerful tool for studying the nature and structure of proton-rich nuclei because it can provide information on shell structure, bound and unbound nuclear states, etc. [3]. In addition, the proton radioactivity energy and orbital angular momentum carried by the emitted proton have a significant effect on the half-life of proton radioactivity [4]. Therefore, proton radioactivity studies help to determine the orbital angular momentum carried by the emitted proton and characterize its wave function within the nucleus [59].

      To date, there have been many methods and models used to study the proton radioactivity half-life, which can be classified into two categories [10]. The first involves quantum mechanical tunneling through the nuclear mean-field of single-particle resonances [1114]. Typical methods and models include the non-relativistic Hartree-Fock (HF) calculation using effective phenomenological interactions and covariant density functional theory (CDFT) in the relativistic mean-field (RMF) form [14, 15]. The second involves the calculation of the probability of proton penetration into the potential barrier via the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation [16, 17], such as the two-potential approach (TPA) [18], single-folding model (SFM) [19, 20], and Coulomb potential and proximity potential model (CPPM) [21, 22]. In the study of proton radioactivity, the nuclear potential between the emitted proton and daughter nucleus usually determines the accuracy of the model and calculations. In our previous study on the proton radioactivity half-life, we successfully described the nuclear potential of the emitted proton-daughter nucleus using the Skyrme-Hartree-Fock (SHF) microscopic model [23, 24]. Furthermore, we compared 115 sets of Skyrme interaction parameters constructed for different purposes and found that the most suitable Skyrme parameter for describing the proton radioactivity half-life is SLY7. The construction of Skyrme interaction parameters is undertaken mainly to reasonably describe the ground state properties of nuclei on the periodic table of elements and the saturation properties of symmetric nuclear matter (SNM) rather than to describe the proton radioactivity process of the nucleus. Therefore, all works using SHF to study proton radioactivity may require a set of Skyrme parameters specifically for proton radioactivity calculations instead of the existing Skyrme parameters. In this study, based on the relationship between the Skyrme parameter and the amount of macroscopic nuclear matter, we use the two-potential approach with SHF (TPA-SHF) to study the sensitivity of the proton radioactivity half-life to the amount of macroscopic nuclear matter [25]. Moreover, we present a set of Skyrme parameters for the study of proton radioactivity based on the constraints on the macroscopic quantities of nuclear matter.

      This paper is organized as follows: In Sec. II, the theoretical framework for the proton radioactivity half-life is described in detail. In Sec. III, detailed calculations, discussion, and predictions are provided. Finally, a brief summary is given in Sec. IV.

    II.   THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

      A.   Two-potential approach

    • The proton radioactivity half-life T12 can be express-ed using the decay width Γ as follows:

      T12=ln2Γ.

      (1)

      In the framework of the TPA [18], Γ depends on the formation probability of the proton radioactivity Sp, the normalized factor F, and the penetration probability of the emitted proton crossing the barrier P. It is given by

      Γ=2SpFP4μ,

      (2)

      where is the reduced Planck constant, and μ=MdMp(Md+Mp) is the reduced mass, with Mp and Md as the masses of the emitted proton and daughter nuclei, respectively.

      In the classical WKB approximation, the penetration probability P and normalized factor F are given by

      P=exp[2r3r2k(r)dr],

      (3)

      Fr2r112k(r)dr=1.

      (4)

      Here, r1, r2, and r3 represent the classical turning points, which satisfy the conditions V(r1)=V(r2)=V(r3)=Qp. k(r) is the wave number, which can be written as

      k(r)=2μ2|QpV(r)|,

      (5)

      where Qp is the proton radioactivity energy. The total potential V(r) is given by

      V(r)=VN(r)+VC(r)+Vl(r),

      (6)

      where VN(r), VC(r), and Vl(r) represent the nuclear, Coulomb, and centrifugal potentials, respectively. For the centrifugal potential Vl(r), l(l+1)(l+1/2)2 is an essential correction [26]. In this study, the centrifugal potential Vl(r) is chosen to be in the Langer-modified form, which can be written as

      Vl(r)=2(l+12)22μr2,

      (7)

      where l is the orbital angular momentum taken by the emitted proton [27]. This can be obtained by the parity and angular momentum conservation laws. The Coulomb potential VC(r) is taken as the potential of a uniformly charged sphere connected to the sharp radius R=1.28A1/30.76+0.8A1/3, where A is the mass number of the parent nucleus [28]. It can be expressed as

       VC(r)={ZpZde22R[3(rR)2],r<R,ZpZde2r,r>R,

      (8)

      where Zp and Zd are the proton numbers of the emitted proton and daughter nuclei, respectively.

    • B.   Spherical Skyrme-Hartree-Fock

    • The emitted proton–daughter nucleus nuclear potential VN(r)=Uq(ρ,ρp,p) is calculated using SHF. The nuclear effective interactions with zero-range, momentum, and density dependent forms is given by [15]

      VSkyrme12(r1,r2)=t0(1+x0Pσ)δ(r)+12t1(1+x1Pσ)[P2δ(r)+δ(r)P2]+t2(1+x2Pσ)Pδ(r)P+16t3(1+x3Pσ)[ρ(R)]αδ(r)

      +iW0σ[P×δ(r)P],

      (9)

      where r=r1r2, R=(r1+r2)/2, ri (i = 1, 2) is the coordinate vector of the i-th nucleon, Pσ is the spin exchange operator, P and P are the relative momentum operators acting on the left and right, respectively, t0, t1, t2, t3, x0, x1, x2, x3, W0, and α are the Skyrme parameters.

      In local density approximation, the single-nucleon potential from the SHF model can be expressed as [29]

      Uq(ρ,ρq,p)=ap2+b,

      (10)

      where p is the momentum of the nucleon. The coefficient a and b are given by

      a=18[t1(x1+2)+t2(x2+2)]ρ+18[t1(2x1+1)+t2(2x2+1)]ρq,

      (11)

      b=18[t1(x1+2)+t2(x2+2)]k5f,n+k5f,p5π2+18[t2(2x2+1)t1(2x1+1)]k5f,q5π2+12t0(x0+2)ρ12t0(2x0+1)ρq+124t3(x3+2)(α+2)ρ(α+1)124t3(2x3+1)αρ(α1)(ρ2n+ρ2p)112t3(2x3+1)ραρq,

      (12)

      where kf,q=(3πρq)1/3 is the Fermi momentum of the nucleon, ρq is the proton (neutron) density with q=p(n), and ρ=ρp+ρn represents the total nucleon density.

      The total energy E of a nucleon in a nuclear medium can be written as

      E=Uq(ρ,ρq,p)+p22m=p22m+b,

      (13)

      where m denotes the effective mass defined by

      12m=12m+a.

      (14)

      We assume that the total energy of the emitted protons remains constant during proton radioactivity. |p| can be derived from the total energy, nucleon density, and isospin asymmetry and is given by

      |p|=2m(Eb).

      (15)

      The potential energy Uq(ρ,ρp,p)=Ep22m.

      By comparing the expressions in the SHF with the corresponding expressions in the modified Skyrme-like (MSL) model [30], the nine parameters σ, β, γ, C, D, y, Elocsym(ρ0), the gradient Gs, and the symmetry-gradient coefficient Gv in the MSL model can be related to the nine Skyrme interaction parameters via the following analytic relations [25]:

      t0=4σ/3ρ0,

      (16)

      t1=20C/(9ρ0(k0F)2)+8Gs/3,

      (17)

      t2=4(25C18D)9ρ0(k0F)28(Gs+2Gv)3,

      (18)

      t3=16β/(ργ0(γ+1)),

      (19)

      x0=3(y1)Elocsym(ρ0)/σ1/2,

      (20)

      x1=12Gv4Gs6D/(ρ0(k0F)2)3t1,

      (21)

      x2=20Gv+4Gs5(16C18D)/(3ρ0(k0F)2)3t2,

      (22)

      x3=3y(γ+1)Elocsym(ρ0)/(2β)1/2,

      (23)

      α=γ1,

      (24)

      with k0F=(1.5π2ρ0)1/3. The seven parameters σ, β, γ, C, D, y, and Elocsym(ρ0) in the MSL model can be expressed analytically in terms of the seven macroscopic quantities, that is, the normal density ρ0, the equation of state at ρ0 E0 (ρ0), the incompressibility K0, the isoscalar effective mass ms,0, the isovector effective mass mv,0, the nuclear symmetry energy at ρ0 Esym (ρ0), and the extracted density slope L [30]. The nine Skyrme interaction parameters t0, t1, t2, t3, x0, x1, x2, x3, and α can also be expressed analytically in terms of the nine macroscopic quantities ρ0, E0(ρ0), K0, ms,0, mv,0, Esym(ρ0), L, GS, and GV via the above relations.

    III.   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
    • The aim of this study is to investigate the proton radioactivity half-life based on the relationship between macroscopic quantities and Skyrme parameters [25]. To study the sensitivity of proton radioactivity to macroscopic quantities [25], we adopt the set of Skyrme parameters MSL0 obtained using the empirical values of the macroscopic quantities to ensure that the adjustment of the macroscopic quantities is not out of line with the actual values. The macroscopic quantities and corresponding Skyrme parameters are listed in Table 1. G0(ρ0) is the Landau parameter, whose value can vary from approximately 0 to 1.6, depending on the method and model [3133]. In this study, experimental data on spin, parity, the proton radioactivity energy Qp, and the proton radioactivity half-lives are taken from the latest evaluated nuclear property table NUBASE2020 [34] and the latest evaluated atomic mass table AME2020 [35, 36], except for those of 140Ho, 144Tm, 151Lu, 159Re, and 164Ir, which are taken from Ref. [37]. The standard deviation Δ indicates the divergence between experimental data and the the proton radioactivity half-lives calculated using TPA-SHF, which can be expressed as Δ=(lgTexp1/2(s)lgTcal1/2(s))2/n.

      QuantityMSL0QuantityMSL0
      ρ00.16 fm3t0−2118.06 MeV fm5
      E0(ρ0)−16 MeVt1395.196 MeV fm5
      K0230 MeVt2−63.953 MeV fm5
      ms,0/m0.8t312857.7 MeV fm3+3α
      mv,0/m0.7x0−0.0709496
      Esym(ρ0)30 MeVx1−0.332282
      L60 MeVx21.35830
      GS132 MeV fm5x3−0.0228181
      GV5 MeV fm5α0.235879
      G0(ρ0)0.42W0133.3 MeV fm5

      Table 1.  Macroscopic quantities and corresponding Skyrme parameters in MSL0.

      Using the MSL0 parameter set, we systematically calculate the proton radioactivity half-lives of 69Z81 nuclei with Sp=1 [24]. The detailed results are plotted in Fig. 1. The blue circles and red triangles represent the logarithmic forms of the experimental data and the logarithmic forms of the calculated proton radioactivity half-life, respectively. As shown in Fig. 1, the proton radioactivity half-lives vary over a wide range from 106 s to 102 s. Although the proton radioactivity half-life variation is up to eight orders of magnitude, the theoretical points follow the experimental points well, almost coinciding with each other. Furthermore, we obtain the standard deviation Δ between the experimental data and the calculated proton radioactivity half-life as equal to 0.405, which means that the theoretical proton radioactivity half-lives calculated using TAP-SHF with MSL0 (TPA-SHF-MSL0) can reproduce the experimental data well.

      Figure 1.  (color online) Comparison of experimental proton radioactivity half-lives and theoretical proton radioactivity half-lives calculated using TPA-SHF-MSL0 (69Z81).

      To clearly reveal the dependence of the theoretical proton radioactivity half-lives on each macroscopic quantity, we vary one aspect at a time while keeping all other macroscopic quantities at their default values in MSL0. In this study, the variation in each macroscopic quantity is controlled within the experimentally obtained values to ensure that the dependencies we obtain are meaningful. To intuitively reflect the relationship between the theoretical proton radioactivity half-life change and the evolution of each macroscopic quantity, we plot the standard deviations between experimental data and the calculated proton radioactivity half-lives corresponding to the change in each macroscopic quantity in Fig. 2. From this figure, we can clearly see that the variety of different macroscopic quantities causes different effects on the standard deviations between experimental data and the calculated proton radioactivity half-lives. The standard deviation exhibits a robust correlation with ρ0 and a relatively weak correlation with GS. For the other seven macroscopic quantities, their changes have little effect on the standard deviations between experimental data and the calculated proton radioactivity half-lives. The discovery of this relationship means that we can constrain the Skyrme parameters using two macroscopic quantities that significantly affect the standard deviation, which have a higher weight in the standard deviation calculation. Thus, a new set of Skyrme parameters suitable for calculating the proton radioactivity half-life is obtained with as few adjustable parameters as possible. Similarly, such a relationship, in turn, limits the range of these two macroscopic parameters. This means that the actual value of ρ0 is approximately 0.156 fm3, and the real value of GS is approximately 187 MeV fm5.

      Figure 2.  (color online) Standard deviations Δ between experimental data and theoretical proton radioactivity half-lives calculated by individually varying ρ0, E0(ρ0), K0, ms,0, mv,0, Esym(ρ0), L, GS, and GV.

      In this study, a new Skyrme parameter MQSP is given by fitting the two highest weight macroscopic quantities, ρ0 and GS. The detailed results are listed in Table 2. The new theoretical value of the proton radioactivity half-life can be calculated using TAP-SHF with MQSP (TPA-SHF-MQSP). To verify the accuracy of our new Skyrme parameters in calculating the proton radioactivity half-life, the universal decay law for proton radioactivity (UDLP) is chosen as a comparison. The UDLP is given by Qi et al. [38], which is an extension of the universal decay law (UDL) [39, 40]. In the UDLP, the logarithm of proton radioactivity half-life can be expressed as

      QuantityMQSPQuantityMQSP
      ρ00.155 fm3t0−2134.31 MeV fm5
      E0(ρ0)−16 MeVt1529.92 MeV fm5
      K0230 MeVt2−187.13 MeV fm5
      ms,0/m0.8t313130.28 MeV fm3+3α
      mv,0/m0.7x0−0.0561957
      Esym(ρ0)30 MeVx1−0.3721052
      L60 MeVx20.159008
      GS182 MeV fm5x3−0.21680
      GV5 MeV fm5α0.24205
      G0(ρ0)0.42W0133.3 MeV fm5

      Table 2.  Macroscopic quantities and corresponding Skyrme parameters obtained using MQSP.

      log10T12=aχ+bρ+c+dl(l+1),

      (25)

      where χ=ZpZdμQp, and ρ=μZpZd(Ad13+Ap13). Here, the parameters a=0.386,b=0.502, c=17.8, and d= 2.386 are determined by fitting to the experimental data of proton radioactivity taken from Ref. [38]. As a comparison, we use TPA-SHF-MSL0, TPA-SHF-MQSP, and the UDLP to calculate the proton radioactivity half-life, and the results are listed in Table 3. In this table, columns one to four represent the parent nuclei, the orbital angular momentum l taken by the emitted proton, the proton radioactivity energy Qp, and the logarithmic form of the experimental proton radioactivity half-lives, respectively. The following three columns represent the logarithmic forms of the theoretical proton radioactivity half-lives calculated using TPA-SHF with the Skyrme effective interaction of MSL0 (TPA-SHF-MSL0), TPA-SHF with the Skyrme effective interaction of MQSP (TPA-SHF-MQSP), and the UDLP, denoted as MSL0, MQSP, and UDLP, respectively. From this table, we can clearly see that the theoretical proton radioactivity half-lives calculated using TPA-SHF-MQSP can reproduce the experimental data well.

      NucleuslQp/MeVMeasuredlgTMSL01/2/slgTMQSP1/2/slgTUDLP1/2/s
      144Tm51.725−5.569−5.243−5.42−4.691
      145Tm51.736−5.499−5.339−5.496−4.767
      146Tmm51.206−1.137−0.788−0.958−0.814
      146Tm00.896−0.81−0.583−0.746−0.482
      147Tm51.0590.5871.0630.8490.772
      147Tmm21.12−3.444−2.89−3.207−2.713
      150Lum21.29−4.398−4.341−4.52−3.91
      150Lu51.27−1.347−0.954−1.116−0.988
      151Lum21.301−4.796−4.473−4.647−4.025
      151Lu51.255−0.896−0.81−0.98−0.863
      155Ta51.453−2.495−2.248−2.39−2.17
      156Ta21.02−0.826−0.401−0.498−0.417
      156Tam51.110.9331.5221.3611.129
      157Ta00.935−0.5270.137−0.0050.123
      159Rem51.801−4.665−4.531−4.706−4.181
      159Re51.816−4.678−4.62−4.806−4.268
      160Re01.267−3.163−3.778−3.942−3.408
      161Rem51.317−0.678−0.455−0.633−0.611
      161Re01.197−3.306−2.992−3.126−2.689
      164Ir51.844−3.959−4.418−4.594−4.114
      165Irm51.711−3.433−3.496−3.68−3.306
      166Ir21.152−0.824−1.034−1.169−1.014
      166Irm51.332−0.076−0.118−0.283−0.335
      167Ir01.07−1.12−0.682−0.804−0.645
      167Irm51.2450.8420.8550.6880.523
      170Au21.472−3.487−3.891−4.186−3.716
      170Aum51.752−3.975−3.394−3.569−3.234
      171Aum51.702−2.587−3.037−3.205−2.915
      171Au01.448−4.652−4.578−4.728−4.157
      176Tl01.265−2.208−2.041−2.162−1.919
      177Tlm51.963−3.346−4.473−4.27−4.206
      177Tl01.172−1.178−0.836−0.982−0.863

      Table 3.  Calculation of the spherical proton radioactivity half-lives. Measured, lgTMSL01/2, lgTMQSP1/2, and lgTUDLP1/2 are the logarithmic forms of the experimental proton radioactivity half-life and the calculations using STPA-SHF-MSL0, TPA-SHF-MQSP, and the UDLP.

      To intuitively compare TPA-SHF-MSL0, TPA-SHF-MQSP, and UDLP with experimental data, the logarithmic deviations between the experimental data of the proton radioactivity half-lives and the calculated values are shown in Fig. 3. In this figure, the X-axis represents the mass number of the proton radioactivity parent nucleus, and the Y-axis represents the logarithmic deviations. The three different colors and symbols refer to the calculations obtained using three different models. From Fig. 3, we can clearly see that the values of lg(Tcal1/2Texp1/2) obtained using TPA-SHF-MQSP are mainly near zero, indicating that the theoretical half-life of proton radioactivity calculated using our model is in good agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, this figure shows that the calculations using TPA-SHF-MQSP can better reproduce the experimental data than TPA-SHF-MSL0 and UDLP for most nuclei. To intuitively compare the deviations between the half-lives of proton radioactivity obtained using different models and experimental data, we calculate the standard deviation. ΔMSL0= 0.405, ΔMQSP= 0.362, and ΔUDLP= 0.459 represent the standard deviations between lgTMSL01/2, lgTMQSP1/2, lgTUDLP1/2, and the values of lgTexp1/2, respectively. These results show that the TPA-SHF-MQSP method is better than the other models in calculating the spherical proton radioactivity half-lives. Therefore, it is credible to use TPA-SHF-MQSP to study the proton radioactivity half-lives.

      Figure 3.  (color online) Deviations between lgTcal1/2 and lgTexp1/2. The black squares, red circles, and blue triangles represent the calculation results obtained using TPA-SHF-MSL0, TPA-SHF-MQSP, and UDLP, respectively.

    IV.   SUMMARY
    • In summary, we systematically study the proton radioactivity half-life of 33 spherical nuclei by investigating the relationship between Skyrme parameters and the macroscopic quantities of nuclear matter. The calculated results indicate that the proton radioactivity half-lives and ρ0 show a robust correlation, whereas the correlation with GS is relatively weak. For the other seven macroscopic quantities, their variations have little effect on the evolution of the standard deviations between experimental data and the calculated proton radioactivity half-lives. This effectively constrains the ranges of ρ0 and GS. Moreover, we obtain new Skyrme parameters, MQSP, by fitting ρ0 and GS, the two most weighted macroscopic quantities. Compared with the Skyrme parameters MSL0 and UDLP, the theoretical proton radioactivity half-life calculated using the Skyrme parameters MQSP can better reproduce the experimental data. This study can be used as a reference for future research on proton radioactivity.

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