Higher-order inner photon rings of a horizonless ultracompact object with an antiphoton sphere and their interferometric pattern

[1]
B. P. Abbott, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 061102 (2016a)
[2]
B. P. Abbott, et al, Phys. Rev. X 6, 041015 (2016b)
[3]
B. P. Abbott, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 241103 (2016c)
[4]
B. P. Abbott, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 221101 (2017a)
[5]
B. P. Abbott, et al, Astrophys. J. Lett. 851, L35 (2017b)
[6]
B. P. Abbott, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 141101 (2017c)
[7]
K. Akiyama, et al, Astrophys. J. Lett. 875, L1 (2019a)
[8]
K. Akiyama, et al, Astrophys. J. Lett. 875, L2 (2019b)
[9]
K. Akiyama, et al, Astrophys. J. Lett. 875, L3 (2019c)
[10]
K. Akiyama, et al, Astrophys. J. Lett. 875, L4 (2019d)
[11]
K. Akiyama, et al, Astrophys. J. Lett. 875, L5 (2019e)
[12]
K. Akiyama, et al, Astrophys. J. Lett. 875, L6 (2019f)
[13]
K. Akiyama, et al, Astrophys. J. Lett. 930, L12 (2022a)
[14]
K. Akiyama, et al, Astrophys. J. Lett. 930, L13 (2022b)
[15]
K. Akiyama, et al, Astrophys. J. Lett. 930, L14 (2022c)
[16]
K. Akiyama, et al, Astrophys. J. Lett. 930, L15 (2022d)
[17]
K. Akiyama, et al, Astrophys. J. Lett. 930, L16 (2022e)
[18]
K. Akiyama, et al, Astrophys. J. Lett. 930, L17 (2022f)
[19]
S. W. Hawking, Commun. Math. Phys. 43, 199 (1975), [Erratum: Commun.Math.Phys. 46, 206 (1976)].
[20]
S. D. Mathur, Class. Quantum Gravity 26, 224001 (2009)
[21]
V. Cardoso and P. Pani, Living Rev. Relativ. 22, 4 (2019)
[22]
K. Schwarzschild, Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (Math. Phys.) 1916, 424 (1916)
[23]
R. M. Wald, General Relativity (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1984).
[24]
V. Cardoso and P. Pani, Nat. Astron. 1, 586 (2017)
[25]
E. Berti, A. Sesana, E. Barausse, V. Cardoso, and K. Belczynski, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 101102 (2016)
[26]
S. E. Gralla, D. E. Holz, and R. M. Wald, Phys. Rev. D 100, 024018 (2019)
[27]
M. D. Johnson, A. Lupsasca, A. Strominger, G. N. Wong, S. Hadar, D. Kapec, R. Narayan, A. Chael, C. F. Gammie, P. Galison, D. C. M. Palumbo, S. S. Doeleman, L. Blackburn, M. Wielgus, D. W. Pesce, J. R. Farah, and J. M. Moran, Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz1310 (2020)
[28]
F. H. Vincent, S. E. Gralla, A. Lupsasca, and M. Wielgus, Astron. Astrophys. 667, A170 (2022)
[29]
H. Paugnat, A. Lupsasca, F. H. Vincent, and M. Wielgus, Astron. Astrophys. 668, A11 (2022)
[30]
K. S. Virbhadra and G. F. R. Ellis, Phys. Rev. D 62, 084003 (2000)
[31]
V. Bozza, S. Capozziello, G. Iovane, and G. Scarpetta, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 33, 1535 (2001)
[32]
V. Bozza and G. Scarpetta, Phys. Rev. D 76, 083008 (2007)
[33]
R. Shaikh, P. Banerjee, S. Paul, and T. Sarkar, Phys. Rev. D 99, 104040 (2019)
[34]
A. O. Petters, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 338, 457 (2003)
[35]
F. Aratore and V. Bozza, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 10, 054 (2021)
[36]
Y.-X. Gao and Y. Xie, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 162 (2022)
[37]
Y.-X. Gao and Y. Xie, Phys. Rev. D 109, 063030 (2024)
[38]
Y. Chen, P. Wang, H. Wu, and H. Yang, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2024, 032 (2024)
[39]
O. Y. Tsupko, Phys. Rev. D 106, 064033 (2022)
[40]
A. Cárdenas-Avendaño and A. Lupsasca, Phys. Rev. D 108, 064043 (2023)
[41]
F. Aratore, O. Y. Tsupko, and V. Perlick, Phys. Rev. D 109, 124057 (2024)
[42]
H. Jia, E. Quataert, A. Lupsasca, and G. N. Wong, Phys. Rev. D 110, 083044 (2024)
[43]
H. Falcke, F. Melia, and E. Agol, Astrophys. J. Lett. 528, L13 (2000)
[44]
P. V. P. Cunha and C. A. R. Herdeiro, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 50, 42 (2018)
[45]
V. Perlick and O. Y. Tsupko, Phys. Rep. 947, 1 (2022)
[46]
V. Bozza, Phys. Rev. D 66, 103001 (2002)
[47]
M. Patil, P. Mishra, and D. Narasimha, Phys. Rev. D 95, 024026 (2017)
[48]
G. Gyulchev, P. Nedkova, T. Vetsov, and S. Yazadjiev, Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 885 (2021)
[49]
X.-Y. Zhu and Y. Xie, Eur. Phys. J. C 80, 444 (2020)
[50]
T. Igata, M. Omamiuda, and Y. Takamori, Phys. Rev. D 111, 084062 (2025)
[51]
H. L. Tamm and J. a. L. Rosa, Phys. Rev. D 109, 044062 (2024)
[52]
G. J. Olmo, D. Rubiera-Garcia, and D. S.-C. Gómez, Phys. Lett. B 829, 137045 (2022)
[53]
J. L. Rosa, Phys. Rev. D 107, 084048 (2023)
[54]
S. Weinberg, Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity (Wiley, New York, 1972).
[55]
K. S. Virbhadra, D. Narasimha, and S. M. Chitre, Astron. Astrophys. 337, 1 (1998)
[56]
P. V. P. Cunha, E. Berti, and C. A. R. Herdeiro, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 251102 (2017)
[57]
M. Guo and S. Gao, Phys. Rev. D 103, 104031 (2021)
[58]
P. V. P. Cunha, J. Grover, C. Herdeiro, E. Radu, H. Runarsson, and A. Wittig, Phys. Rev. D 94, 104023 (2016)
[59]
J.-P. Luminet, Astron. Astrophys. 75, 228 (1979)
[60]
A. R. Thompson, J. M. Moran, and G. W. Swenson, Interferometry and Synthesis in Radio Astronomy (Springer, Cham, 2017).
[61]
S. E. Gralla, Phys. Rev. D 102, 044017 (2020)
[62]
S. E. Gralla and A. Lupsasca, Phys. Rev. D 102, 124003 (2020a)
[63]
H. Stephani, D. Kramer, M. MacCallum, C. Hoenselaers, and E. Herlt, Exact Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations (2009).
[64]
H. A. Buchdahl, Phys. Rev. 116, 1027 (1959)
[65]
L. Gabbanelli, J. Ovalle, A. Sotomayor, Z. Stuchlik, and R. Casadio, Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 486 (2019)
[66]
J. Ovalle, C. Posada, and Z. Stuchlík, Class. Quantum Gravity 36, 205010 (2019)
[67]
P. Beltracchi and P. Gondolo, Phys. Rev. D 99, 084021 (2019)
[68]
P. O. Mazur and E. Mottola, Universe 9, 88 (2023)
[69]
P. O. Mazur and E. Mottola, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 9545 (2004)
[70]
C. Chirenti, C. Posada, and V. Guedes, Class. Quantum Gravity 37, 195017 (2020)
[71]
R. A. Konoplya, C. Posada, Z. Stuchlík, and A. Zhidenko, Phys. Rev. D 100, 044027 (2019)
[72]
N. Sakai, H. Saida, and T. Tamaki, Phys. Rev. D 90, 104013 (2014)
[73]
F. Roelofs, et al, Galaxies 11, 12 (2023)
[74]
D. Psaltis, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 141104 (2020)
[75]
Z. Zhang, Y. Hou, M. Guo, Y. Mizuno, and B. Chen, (2025), arXiv: 2503.17200[astro-ph.HE].
[76]
Q.-H. Zhu, (2025), arXiv: 2503.22343[astro-ph.HE].
[77]
C. Posada, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 468, 2128 (2017)
[78]
J. L. Hernandez-Pastora and L. Herrera, Phys. Rev. D 95, 024003 (2017)
[79]
A. P. Ravi and N. Banerjee, New Astron. 64, 31 (2018)
[80]
H. Kim, B. Lee, W. Lee, and Y. Lee, Phys. Rev. D 101, 064067 (2020)
[81]
S. Viaggiu, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 32, 2350008 (2023)
[82]
S. E. Gralla and A. Lupsasca, Phys. Rev. D 101, 044031 (2020b)
[83]
L. Zhou, Z. Zhong, Y. Chen, and V. Cardoso, Phys. Rev. D 111, 064075 (2025)