• [1]

    Z.-T. Liang and X.-N. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 102301 (2005), [Erratum: Phys.Rev.Lett. 96, 039901 (2006)], arXiv: nucl-th/0410079.

  • [2]

    X.-G. Huang, P. Huovinen, and X.-N. Wang, Phys. Rev. C 84, 054910 (2011), arXiv: 10.1108.5649[nucl-th]

  • [3]

    F. Becattini, F. Piccinini, and J. Rizzo, Phys. Rev. C 77, 024906 (2008), arXiv: 10.0711.1253[nucl-th]

  • [4]

    W.-T. Deng and X.-G. Huang, Phys. Rev. C 93, 064907 (2016), arXiv: 10.1603.06117[nucl-th]

  • [5]

    Y. Jiang, X.-G. Huang, and J. Liao, Phys. Rev. D 92, 071501 (2015), arXiv: 10.1504.03201[hep-ph]

  • [6]

    S. J. Barnett, Phys. Rev. 6 (1915).

  • [7]

    S. J. Barnett, Rev. Mod. Phys. 7, 129 (1935)

  • [8]

    Y. Liu and I. Zahed, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 032001 (2018), arXiv: 10.1711.08354[hep-ph]

  • [9]

    G. Cao and L. He, Phys. Rev. D 100, 094015 (2019), arXiv: 10.1910.02728[nucl-th]

  • [10]

    H.-L. Chen, X.-G. Huang, and K. Mameda, JHEP 02, 216 (2024), arXiv: 10.1910.02700[nucl-th]

  • [11]

    H. Zhang, D. Hou, and J. Liao, Chin. Phys. C 44, 111001 (2020), arXiv: 10.1812.11787[hep-ph]

  • [12]

    G. Cao, Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 148 (2021), arXiv: 10.2008.08321[nucl-th]

  • [13]

    H.-L. Chen, K. Fukushima, X.-G. Huang, and K. Mameda, Phys. Rev. D 93, 104052 (2016), arXiv: 10.1512.08974[hep-ph]

  • [14]

    Y. Jiang and J. Liao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 192302 (2016), arXiv: 10.1606.03808[hep-ph]

  • [15]

    S. Ebihara, K. Fukushima, and K. Mameda, Phys. Lett. B 764, 94 (2017), arXiv: 10.1608.00336[hep-ph]

  • [16]

    M. N. Chernodub and S. Gongyo, JHEP 01, 136 (2017), arXiv: 10.1611.02598[hep-th]

  • [17]

    M. N. Chernodub and S. Gongyo, Phys. Rev. D 95, 096006 (2017), arXiv: 10.1702.08266[hep-th]

  • [18]

    X. Wang, M. Wei, Z. Li, and M. Huang, Phys. Rev. D 99, 016018 (2019), arXiv: 10.1808.01931[hep-ph]

  • [19]

    F. Sun and A. Huang, Phys. Rev. D 106, 076007 (2022), arXiv: 10.2104.14382[hep-ph]

  • [20]

    K. Xu, F. Lin, A. Huang, and M. Huang, Phys. Rev. D 106, L071502 (2022), arXiv: 10.2205.02420[hep-ph]

  • [21]

    F. Sun, K. Xu, and M. Huang, Phys. Rev. D 108, 096007 (2023), arXiv: 10.2307.14402[hep-ph]

  • [22]

    X. Chen, L. Zhang, D. Li, D. Hou, and M. Huang, JHEP 07, 132 (2021), arXiv: 10.2010.14478[hep-ph]

  • [23]

    Y. Fujimoto, K. Fukushima, and Y. Hidaka, Phys. Lett. B 816, 136184 (2021), arXiv: 10.2101.09173[hep-ph]

  • [24]

    Y. Chen, X. Chen, D. Li, and M. Huang, (2024), arXiv: 2405.06386[hep-ph].

  • [25]

    L. Adamczyk et al. (STAR), Nature 548, 62 (2017), arXiv: 1701.06657[nucl-ex].

  • [26]

    S. Acharya et al. (ALICE), Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 012301 (2020), arXiv: 1910.14408[nucl-ex].

  • [27]

    M. S. Abdallah et al. (STAR), Nature 614, 244 (2023), arXiv: 2204.02302[hep-ph].

  • [28]

    V. V. Braguta, A. Kotov, A. Roenko, and D. Sychev, PoS LATTICE2022, 190 (2023), arXiv: 10.2212.03224[hep-lat]

  • [29]

    M. N. Chernodub, V. A. Goy, and A. V. Molochkov, Phys. Rev. D 107, 114502 (2023), arXiv: 10.2209.15534[hep-lat]

  • [30]

    V. V. Braguta, M. N. Chernodub, A. A. Roenko, and D. A. Sychev, (2023), arXiv: 2303.03147[hep-lat].

  • [31]

    V. V. Braguta, I. E. Kudrov, A. A. Roenko, D. A. Sychev, and M. N. Chernodub, JETP Lett. 117, 639 (2023)

  • [32]

    J.-C. Yang and X.-G. Huang, (2023), arXiv: 2307.05755[heplat].

  • [33]

    L. P. Csernai, V. K. Magas, and D. J. Wang, Phys. Rev. C 87, 034906 (2013), arXiv: 10.1302.5310[nucl-th]

  • [34]

    F. Becattini, L. Csernai, and D. J. Wang, Phys. Rev. C 88, 034905 (2013), [Erratum: Phys.Rev.C 93, 069901 (2016)], arXiv: 1304.4427[nucl-th].

  • [35]

    L. P. Csernai, S. Velle, and D. J. Wang, Phys. Rev. C 89, 034916 (2014), arXiv: 10.1305.0396[nucl-th]

  • [36]

    L. P. Csernai, D. J. Wang, M. Bleicher, and H. Stöcker, Phys. Rev. C 90, 021904 (2014)

  • [37]

    L. P. Csernai, D. J. Wang, and T. Csorgo, Phys. Rev. C 90, 024901 (2014), arXiv: 10.1406.1017[hep-ph]

  • [38]

    F. Becattini, G. Inghirami, V. Rolando, A. Beraudo, L. Del Zanna, A. De Pace, M. Nardi, G. Pagliara, and V. Chandra, Eur. Phys. J. C 75, 406 (2015), [Erratum: Eur.Phys.J.C 78, 354 (2018)], arXiv: 1501.04468[nucl-th].

  • [39]

    Y. Xie, R. C. Glastad, and L. P. Csernai, Phys. Rev. C 92, 064901 (2015), arXiv: 10.1505.07221[nucl-th]

  • [40]

    Y. L. Xie, M. Bleicher, H. Stöcker, D. J. Wang, and L. P. Csernai, Phys. Rev. C 94, 054907 (2016), arXiv: 10.1610.08678[nucl-th]

  • [41]

    I. Karpenko and F. Becattini, Eur. Phys. J. C 77, 213 (2017), arXiv: 10.1610.04717[nucl-th]

  • [42]

    Y. Xie, D. Wang, and L. P. Csernai, Phys. Rev. C 95, 031901 (2017), arXiv: 10.1703.03770[nucl-th]

  • [43]

    Y. Xie, G. Chen, and L. P. Csernai, Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 12 (2021), arXiv: 10.1912.00209[hep-ph]

  • [44]

    Y. B. Ivanov, V. D. Toneev, and A. A. Soldatov, Phys. Rev. C 100, 014908 (2019), arXiv: 10.1903.05455[nucl-th]

  • [45]

    Y. B. Ivanov and A. A. Soldatov, Phys. Rev. C 102, 024916 (2020), arXiv: 10.2004.05166[nucl-th]

  • [46]

    F. Becattini, M. Buzzegoli, G. Inghirami, I. Karpenko, and A. Palermo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 272302 (2021), arXiv: 10.2103.14621[nucl-th]

  • [47]

    S. Wu and Y. Xie, Eur. Phys. J. A 59, 108 (2023), arXiv: 10.2303.07680[nucl-th]

  • [48]

    Y. Jiang, Z.-W. Lin, and J. Liao, Phys. Rev. C 94, 044910 (2016), [Erratum: Phys.Rev.C 95, 049904 (2017)], arXiv: 1602.06580[hep-ph].

  • [49]

    L.-G. Pang, H. Petersen, Q. Wang, and X.-N. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 192301 (2016), arXiv: 10.1605.04024[hep-ph]

  • [50]

    H. Li, L.-G. Pang, Q. Wang, and X.-L. Xia, Phys. Rev. C 96, 054908 (2017), arXiv: 10.1704.01507[nucl-th]

  • [51]

    S. Shi, K. Li, and J. Liao, Phys. Lett. B 788, 409 (2019), arXiv: 10.1712.00878[nucl-th]

  • [52]

    I. Karpenko and F. Becattini, Nucl. Phys. A 967, 764 (2017), arXiv: 10.1704.02142[nucl-th]

  • [53]

    X.-L. Xia, H. Li, Z.-B. Tang, and Q. Wang, Phys. Rev. C 98, 024905 (2018), arXiv: 10.1803.00867[nucl-th]

  • [54]

    D.-X. Wei, W.-T. Deng, and X.-G. Huang, Phys. Rev. C 99, 014905 (2019), arXiv: 10.1810.00151[nucl-th]

  • [55]

    O. Vitiuk, L. V. Bravina, and E. E. Zabrodin, Phys. Lett. B 803, 135298 (2020), arXiv: 10.1910.06292[hep-ph]

  • [56]

    Y. Guo, S. Shi, S. Feng, and J. Liao, Phys. Lett. B 798, 134929 (2019), arXiv: 10.1905.12613[nucl-th]

  • [57]

    R. Campanini and G. Ferri, Phys. Lett. B 703, 237 (2011), arXiv: 10.1106.2008[hep-ph]

  • [58]

    F. G. Gardim, G. Giacalone, M. Luzum, and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Nature Phys. 16, 615 (2020), arXiv: 10.1908.09728[nucl-th]

  • [59]

    F. G. Gardim, G. Giacalone, and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Phys. Lett. B 809, 135749 (2020), arXiv: 10.1909.11609[nucl-th]

  • [60]

    A. Sorensen, D. Oliinychenko, V. Koch, and L. McLerran, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 042303 (2021), arXiv: 10.2103.07365[nuclth]

  • [61]

    A. Hayrapetyan et al. (CMS), (2024), arXiv: 2401.06896 [nucl-ex].

  • [62]

    P. Parotto, M. Bluhm, D. Mroczek, M. Nahrgang, J. NoronhaHostler, K. Rajagopal, C. Ratti, T. Schäfer, and M. Stephanov, Phys. Rev. C 101, 034901 (2020), arXiv: 10.1805.05249[hep-ph]

  • [63]

    A. Monnai, B. Schenke, and C. Shen, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 36, 2130007 (2021), arXiv: 10.2101.11591[nucl-th]

  • [64]

    Q. Chen, R. Wen, S. Yin, W.-j. Fu, Z.-W. Lin, and G.-L. Ma, (2024), arXiv: 2402.12823[nucl-th].

  • [65]

    Y.-f. Shen, W. Chen, X.-y. Wu, K. Xu, and M. Huang, (2024), arXiv: 2404.02397[hep-ph].

  • [66]

    P. O. Bowman, U. M. Heller, D. B. Leinweber, M. B. Parappilly, and A. G. Williams, Phys. Rev. D 70, 034509 (2004), arXiv: 10. hep-lat/0402032

  • [67]

    A. Sternbeck, E. M. Ilgenfritz, M. Muller-Preussker, A. Schiller, and I. L. Bogolubsky, PoS LAT2006, 076 (2006), arXiv: 10. hep-lat/0610053

  • [68]

    W.-j. Fu, J. M. Pawlowski, and F. Rennecke, Phys. Rev. D 101, 054032 (2020), arXiv: 10.1909.02991[hep-ph]

  • [69]

    J. Braun, L. Fister, J. M. Pawlowski, and F. Rennecke, Phys. Rev. D 94, 034016 (2016), arXiv: 10.1412.1045[hep-ph]

  • [70]

    M. Mitter, J. M. Pawlowski, and N. Strodthoff, Phys. Rev. D 91, 054035 (2015), arXiv: 10.1411.7978[hep-ph]

  • [71]

    A. K. Cyrol, M. Mitter, J. M. Pawlowski, and N. Strodthoff, Phys. Rev. D 97, 054006 (2018), arXiv: 10.1706.06326[hep-ph]

  • [72]

    Y. Nambu and G. Jona-Lasinio, Phys. Rev. 122, 345 (1961)

  • [73]

    Y. Nambu and G. Jona-Lasinio, Phys. Rev. 124, 246 (1961)

  • [74]

    S. P. Klevansky, Rev. Mod. Phys. 64, 649 (1992)

  • [75]

    T. Hatsuda and T. Kunihiro, Phys. Rept. 247, 221 (1994), arXiv: 10. hep-ph/9401310

  • [76]

    M. Buballa, Phys. Rept. 407, 205 (2005), arXiv: 10. hepph/0402234

  • [77]

    B.-J. Schaefer and J. Wambach, Nucl. Phys. A 757, 479 (2005), arXiv: 10. nucl-th/0403039

  • [78]

    B.-J. Schaefer, J. M. Pawlowski, and J. Wambach, Phys. Rev. D 76, 074023 (2007), arXiv: 10.0704.3234[hep-ph]

  • [79]

    R. Wen, C. Huang, and W.-J. Fu, Phys. Rev. D 99, 094019 (2019), arXiv: 10.1809.04233[hep-ph]

  • [80]

    A. Yamamoto and Y. Hirono, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 081601 (2013), arXiv: 10.1303.6292[hep-lat]

  • [81]

    H.-L. Chen, Z.-B. Zhu, and X.-G. Huang, Phys. Rev. D 108, 054006 (2023), arXiv: 10.2306.08362[hep-ph]

  • [82]

    A. L. Fetter, Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 647 (2009)

  • [83]

    J. I. Kapusta and C. Gale, Finite-Temperature Field Theory: Principles and Applications, 2nd ed., Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics (Cambridge University Press, 2006).

  • [84]

    L. Landau and E. Lifshitz, Course of Theoretical Physics. Vol. 5: Statistical Physics, Part 1 (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxword U.K., 1980).

  • [85]

    Y.-Q. Zhao, S. He, D. Hou, L. Li, and Z. Li, JHEP 04, 115 (2023), arXiv: 10.2212.14662[hep-ph]

  • [86]

    H. Kohyama, D. Kimura, and T. Inagaki, Nucl. Phys. B 906, 524 (2016), arXiv: 10.1601.02411[hep-ph]

  • [87]

    A. Bhattacharyya, P. Deb, S. K. Ghosh, R. Ray, and S. Sur, Phys. Rev. D 87, 054009 (2013), arXiv: 10.1212.5893[hep-ph]

  • [88]

    B. Klein, Physics Reports 707-708, 1 (2017), modeling FiniteVolume Effects and Chiral Symmetry Breaking in Two-Flavor QCD Thermodynamics.

  • [89]

    J.-H. Wang and S.-Q. Feng, Phys. Rev. D 109, 066019 (2024), arXiv: 10.2403.01814[hep-ph]

  • [90]

    J. Braun, B. Klein, and H. J. Pirner, Phys. Rev. D 72, 034017 (2005)

  • [91]

    J. Braun, B. Klein, H. J. Pirner, and A. H. Rezaeian, Phys. Rev. D 73, 074010 (2006)

  • [92]

    O. Kiriyama, T. Kodama, and T. Koide, (2006).

  • [93]

    G.-y. Shao, L. Chang, Y.-x. Liu, and X.-l. Wang, Phys. Rev. D 73, 076003 (2006)

  • [94]

    L. F. Palhares, E. S. Fraga, and T. Kodama, J. Phys. G 38, 085101 (2011)

  • [95]

    J. Braun, B. Klein, and B.-J. Schaefer, Phys. Lett. B 713, 216 (2012)

  • [96]

    G. Almasi, R. Pisarski, and V. Skokov, Phys. Rev. D 95, 056015 (2017)

  • [97]

    B. Klein, Phys. Rept. 707-708, 1 (2017)

  • [98]

    S. Ebihara, K. Fukushima, and K. Mameda, Phys. Lett. B 764, 94 (2017), arXiv: 10.1608.00336

  • [99]

    Q.-W. Wang, Y. Xia, C. Shi, and H.-S. Zong, (2018).

  • [100]

    B.-L. Li, Z.-F. Cui, B.-W. Zhou, S. An, L.-P. Zhang, and H.-S. Zong, Nucl. Phys. B 938, 298 (2019)

  • [101]

    K. Xu and M. Huang, Phys. Rev. D 101, 074001 (2020)

  • [102]

    Y.-P. Zhao, P.-L. Yin, Z.-H. Yu, and H.-S. Zong, Nucl. Phys. B 952, 114919 (2020)

  • [103]

    E. B. S. Corrêa and M. S. R. Sarges, Nucl. Phys. A 1040, 122749 (2023)

  • [104]

    Y. Chen, D. Li, and M. Huang, Phys. Rev. D 106, 106002 (2022), arXiv: 10.2208.05668[hep-ph]

  • [105]

    V. V. Braguta, A. Y. Kotov, D. D. Kuznedelev, and A. A. Roenko, Phys. Rev. D 103, 094515 (2021), arXiv: 10.2102.05084[hep-lat]

  • [106]

    M. Asakawa and K. Yazaki, Nucl. Phys. A 504, 668 (1989)

  • [107]

    S. Klimt, M. F. M. Lutz, and W. Weise, Phys. Lett. B 249, 386 (1990)

  • [108]

    M. Buballa, Nucl. Phys. A 611, 393 (1996), arXiv: 10. nuclth/9609044

  • [109]

    P. N. Meisinger and M. C. Ogilvie, Phys. Lett. B 379, 163 (1996), arXiv: 10. hep-lat/9512011

  • [110]

    P. N. Meisinger, T. R. Miller, and M. C. Ogilvie, Phys. Rev. D 65, 034009 (2002), arXiv: 10. hep-ph/0108009

  • [111]

    K. Fukushima, Phys. Lett. B 591, 277 (2004), arXiv: 10. hepph/0310121

  • [112]

    A. Mocsy, F. Sannino, and K. Tuominen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 182302 (2004), arXiv: 10. hep-ph/0308135

  • [113]

    E. Megias, E. Ruiz Arriola, and L. L. Salcedo, Phys. Rev. D 74, 065005 (2006), arXiv: 10. hep-ph/0412308

  • [114]

    C. Ratti, M. A. Thaler, and W. Weise, Phys. Rev. D 73, 014019 (2006), arXiv: 10. hep-ph/0506234

  • [115]

    K. Fukushima, Phys. Rev. D 77, 114028 (2008), [Erratum: Phys.Rev.D 78, 039902 (2008)], arXiv: 0803.3318[hep-ph].

  • [116]

    F. Sun, J. Shao, R. Wen, K. Xu, and M. Huang, Phys. Rev. D 109, 116017 (2024), arXiv: 10.2402.16595[hep-ph]