Chinese Physics C

Highlights

NLO QCD sum rules analysis of 1^{− +} tetraquark states
Wei-Yang Lai, Hong-Ying Jin

2026, 50(6): 063105. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae4baa

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We have performed a next-to-leading-order (NLO) QCD sum rules analysis of the $1^{-+}$ light tetraquark states. By investigating various compact and molecular tetraquark currents, we extracted the mass spectra of the corresponding states, all of which lie above $1.7\,\text{GeV}$. We have identified multiple $1^{-+}$ states around $2.0\,\text{GeV}$ matching well with $\pi_{1}(2015)$, confirming that $\pi_{1}(2015)$ is an excellent tetraquark candidate. By contrast, our calculations exclude the possibility that the $\pi_{1}(1400)$ is a tetraquark or hybrid–tetraquark mixture. This result suggests that it may not exist, which is consistent with recent experimental results.
Negative potential-induced scalarization in the Einstein-Euler-Heisenberg black hole
Hong Guo, Miok Park, Yun Soo Myung

2026, 50(6): 065102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae457c

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We investigate a negative potential-induced scalarization of the Einstein-Euler-Heisenberg (EEH) black hole in the EEH-scalar theory, characterized by mass M, Euler-Heisenberg parameter μ, and magnetic charge q. In the regime $ \mu>\mu_{{\rm{max}}} = 0.019 $ (with $ M=1/2 $), the black hole admits a single horizon and allows for overcharged configurations with $ q/M \gt 1 $. We obtain a single branch of scalarized EEH (sEEH) black holes for $ q>0 $, which is considered as the simplest model for scalarization of EEH black holes. We find that this class of hairy black holes is not thermodynamically favored, and their quasinormal modes indicate that they are dynamically unstable. A notable feature is that the scalar charge depends weakly on q for $ q<1/2 $ but grows more rapidly for $ q>1/2 $, suggesting a transition from primary- to secondary-type scalar charge. This finding reveals characteristic properties of hairy black holes in EEH theory, specifically in the overcharging regime.
Multinucleon transfer products in ⁴⁸Ca, ⁵⁴Cr+²⁴³Am and ⁵⁴Cr+²³⁸U reactions
G. Xie, Z. Y. Zhang, J. G. Wang, L. Ma, M. H. Huang, C. L. Yang, X. L. Wu, Z. G. Gan, H. B. Yang, M. M. Zhang, Y. L. Tian, Y. S. Wang, J. Y. Wang, Y. H. Qiang, L. Zhu, X. Y. Huang, S. Y. Xu, Z. Zhao, Z. C. Li, X. Zhang, H. Zhou, J. H. Zheng, L. C. Sun, F. Guan, W. X. Huang, Z. Qin, Y. Wang, X. J. Yin, Y. F. Cui, Y. He, L. T. Sun, Z. Z. Ren, S. G. Zhou, V. K. Utyonkov, A. A. Voinov, Yu. S. Tsyganov, A. N. Polyakov, D. I. Solovyev, D. Ibadullayev, M. V. Shumeiko

2026, 50(6): 064001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae4bab

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Experiments with ⁴⁸Ca and ⁵⁴Cr induced reactions were performed at the gas-filled recoil separator named Spectrometer for Heavy Atoms and Nuclear Structure-2 (SHANS2) of the China Accelerator Facility for superheavy Elements (CAFE2). The isotopic distributions of nuclei produced in the reactions of ⁴⁸Ca+²⁴³Am, ⁵⁴Cr+²⁴³Am, and ⁵⁴Cr+²³⁸U were investigated. Bombardments were conducted at energies near the respective Coulomb barriers, with the SHANS2 magnetic rigidities set to collect fusion-evaporation residues. α-decay spectroscopy was employed to identify products, revealing 58 different isotopes in these experiments. The analysis indicates that the distribution of nuclides produced in different reactions exhibits clear systematic trends. Based on their mass distributions, these nuclei were attributed to the products from the quasi-fission (QF) process. Additionally, several short-lived fission events were identified and attributed to the fission isomers near the target.

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Mapping proton drip-line with measured nuclear masses and half-lives
Min Liu, Zhang-Ya Wang, Yu-jiao Qin, Ning Wang

Published: 2026-05-31, doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae6633

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Published: 2026-05-31, doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae6633

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Semileptonic $B^{-}\to\pi^{+}\pi^{-}\ell^{-}\bar\nu_\ell$ decay over the full $\pi\pi$ invariant mass spectrum
Yan-Li Wang, Xiao-Yu Hao, Yu-Kuo Hsiao

Published: 2026-05-31, doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae68ee

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Published: 2026-05-31, doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae68ee

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Mean first passage time and the Kramers escape rate of phase transitions for the Bardeen-AdS-class black hole
Chen Ma, Bin Wu, Zhen-Ming Xu

Published: 2026-05-31, doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae66d3

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Published: 2026-05-31, doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae66d3

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Nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration with upstream escape reproduces DAMPE observations
Han-Xiang Hu, Xing-Jian Lv, Xiao-Jun Bi, Tian-Lu Chen, Kun Fang, Peng-Fei Yin

2026, 50(6): 065108-065108-11. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae5c7d

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We develop a self-consistent nonlinear extension of diffusive shock acceleration that incorporates cosmic-ray (CR) backreaction on the shock precursor together with a physically motivated upstream escape mechanism that yields an exponential high-energy cutoff. The CR pressure gradient decelerates the upstream flow ahead of the shock, generating an extended precursor in which higher-rigidity particles sample a larger cumulative velocity gradient and thereby acquire a progressively harder spectrum. Finite-size and escape effects are modeled by a momentum-dependent loss term, which naturally terminates acceleration and steepens the spectrum near the cutoff. The precursor compression ratio is not imposed as a closure condition; instead, it is determined dynamically by enforcing consistency between the injection rate inferred from thermal leakage at the subshock and the injection strength required by the nonlinear shock modification, with CR-driven wave heating providing stabilizing negative feedback. Applying the model to young supernova-remnant–like parameters and standard one-zone Galactic diffusion, we reproduce the main features of the latest DAMPE proton spectrum: gradual hardening from hundreds of GeV to multi-TeV energies, followed by an exponential cutoff at tens of TeV. The resulting spectral evolution follows directly from the competition between precursor-mediated nonlinear feedback and upstream escape.

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New Evaluation and Validation Towards Neutron Reaction Data on Chromium Isotopes at Incident Energies Below 200 MeV
Wen-Ye Wang, Yin-Lu Han, Ji-Min Wang, Huan-Yu Zhang, Yuan Tian, Xi Tao, Hai-Cheng Wu, Yong-Li Jin, Bo-Yu Tan, Yue Zhang, Zhao-Hui Wang, Zhi-Gang Ge, Rui-Rui Xu

Published: 2026-04-20

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Chromium (Cr) serves as an indispensable structural material in accelerator-driven systems (ADS) and Generation IV reactors, where the precision of its neutron reaction data is important for ensuring reactor safety and operational reliability. However, significant discrepancies persist in both experimental data and evaluations for key reaction channels, such as $(n, p)$ and $(n, 2n)$, across the chromium isotopes $^{50,52,53,54}{\rm{Cr}}$. This study presents a novel evaluation and validation of neutron reaction data for these isotopes at incident energies below 200 MeV, incorporating 571 experimental datasets from EXFOR covering cross sections, angular distributions, energy spectra, and double - differential cross sections. The newly evaluated data provide more reliable key cross sections: the $^{52}{\rm{Cr}}(n,2n)$ cross section resolves discrepancies and supports H.,Liskien et al.'s data; the $^{52}{\rm{Cr}}(n, p)$ cross section aligns well with natural chromium data across all energies, and is validated by competition analysis. The results accurately replicate double differential cross sections and energy spectra, with neutron emission spectra matching experimental peaks and charged - particle spectra agreeing with measurements for $^{50,52}{\rm{Cr}}$. Moreover, the abundance - weighted sum of $(n, p)$ and $(n, 2n)$ cross sections for chromium isotopes agrees well with natural chromium data, confirming systematic consistency. All evaluations are validated using 62 ICSBEP 2014 benchmark facilities with $k_{{\rm{eff}}}$ sensitivity to chromium neutron data > 1%. For the PMI002_01 experiment, calculated $k_{{\rm{eff}}}$ decreased by $\sim 1000$ pcm relative to CENDL - 3.2, improving agreement with the benchmark; in the OKTAVIAN shielding benchmark, the neutron leakage spectrum also produces experiments well.

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Cosmological perturbation in New General Relativity: propagating mode from the violation of local Lorentz invariance
Kyosuke Tomonari, Taishi Katsuragawa, Shin'ichi Nojiri

2026, 50(6): 065105-065105-16. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae4dd8

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We investigate the propagating modes of New General Relativity (NGR) in second-order linear perturbations in the Lagrangian density (first-order in field equations). Dirac-Bergmann analysis reveals a violation of local Lorentz invariance in NGR. We review the recent status of NGR, considering the results of its Dirac-Bergmann analysis. We then reconsider the vierbein perturbation framework and identify the origin of each perturbation field in the vierbein field components. This identification is necessary to adequately fix gauges while guaranteeing consistency with the invariance ensured by the Dirac-Bergmann analysis. We find that the spatially flat gauge is adequate for analyzing a theory with the violation of local Lorentz invariance. Based on the established vierbein perturbative framework, introducing a real scalar field as matter, we perform a second-order perturbative analysis of NGR with respect to tensor, scalar, pseudo-scalar, vector, and pseudo-vector modes. We reveal the possible propagating modes of each type of NGR. In particular, we find that Type 3 has five stable propagating modes, i.e., tensor, scalar, and vector modes, compared to five non-linear degrees of freedom, which results in its Dirac-Bergmann analysis. The linear perturbation theory of Type 3 is preferable for applications to cosmology. Finally, we discuss our results in comparison to those of previous related work and conclude this paper.

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Current Issued

2026 Vol. 50, No. 5
Published: 28 April 2026

Particles And Fields
Nuclear Physics
Particle And Nuclear Astrophysics And Cosmology